diff --git a/api/lib/opentelemetry/internal/proxy_tracer_provider.rb b/api/lib/opentelemetry/internal/proxy_tracer_provider.rb
index 05ddf2463b..01526ae5d8 100644
--- a/api/lib/opentelemetry/internal/proxy_tracer_provider.rb
+++ b/api/lib/opentelemetry/internal/proxy_tracer_provider.rb
@@ -13,9 +13,22 @@ module Internal
     # It delegates to a "real" TracerProvider after the global tracer provider is registered.
     # It returns {ProxyTracer} instances until the delegate is installed.
     class ProxyTracerProvider < Trace::TracerProvider
-      Key = Struct.new(:name, :version)
+      Key = Struct.new(:name, :version, :attributes)
       private_constant(:Key)
 
+      # Wraps a legacy TracerProvider whose `#tracer` method does not accept
+      # the `attributes:` keyword argument, dropping the argument on delegation.
+      class LegacyProviderWrapper
+        def initialize(legacy_provider)
+          @legacy_provider = legacy_provider
+        end
+
+        def tracer(name = nil, version = nil, attributes: nil) # rubocop:disable Lint/UnusedMethodArgument
+          @legacy_provider.tracer(name, version)
+        end
+      end
+      private_constant(:LegacyProviderWrapper)
+
       # Returns a new {ProxyTracerProvider} instance.
       #
       # @return [ProxyTracerProvider]
@@ -35,25 +48,45 @@ def delegate=(provider)
           return
         end
 
+        provider = LegacyProviderWrapper.new(provider) unless supports_attributes?(provider)
+
         @mutex.synchronize do
           @delegate = provider
-          @registry.each { |key, tracer| tracer.delegate = provider.tracer(key.name, key.version) }
+          @registry.each { |key, tracer| tracer.delegate = @delegate.tracer(key.name, key.version, attributes: key.attributes) }
         end
       end
 
       # Returns a {Tracer} instance.
       #
-      # @param [optional String] name Instrumentation package name
-      # @param [optional String] version Instrumentation package version
+      # Supports both positional arguments (legacy) and keyword arguments:
+      #   tracer('name', '1.0')                                    # legacy positional
+      #   tracer(name: 'name', version: '1.0', attributes: {...})  # keyword
+      #
+      # When both positional and keyword arguments are provided for the same
+      # parameter, the keyword argument takes precedence.
+      #
+      # @param [String] name Instrumentation scope name
+      # @param [String] version Instrumentation scope version
+      # @param [Hash{String => String, Numeric, Boolean, Array<String, Numeric, Boolean>}] attributes
+      #   Instrumentation scope attributes
       #
       # @return [Tracer]
-      def tracer(name = nil, version = nil)
+      def tracer(deprecated_name = nil, deprecated_version = nil, name: nil, version: nil, attributes: nil)
+        name ||= deprecated_name
+        version ||= deprecated_version
         @mutex.synchronize do
-          return @delegate.tracer(name, version) unless @delegate.nil?
+          return @delegate.tracer(name, version, attributes: attributes) unless @delegate.nil?
 
-          @registry[Key.new(name, version)] ||= ProxyTracer.new
+          @registry[Key.new(name, version, attributes)] ||= ProxyTracer.new
         end
       end
+
+      private
+
+      def supports_attributes?(provider)
+        provider.respond_to?(:tracer) &&
+          provider.method(:tracer).parameters.any? { |_, n| n == :attributes }
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/api/lib/opentelemetry/trace/tracer_provider.rb b/api/lib/opentelemetry/trace/tracer_provider.rb
index cdbab3ea52..c90b465bd9 100644
--- a/api/lib/opentelemetry/trace/tracer_provider.rb
+++ b/api/lib/opentelemetry/trace/tracer_provider.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,20 @@ module Trace
     class TracerProvider
       # Returns a {Tracer} instance.
       #
-      # @param [optional String] name Instrumentation package name
-      # @param [optional String] version Instrumentation package version
+      # Supports both positional arguments (legacy) and keyword arguments:
+      #   tracer('name', '1.0')                                    # legacy positional
+      #   tracer(name: 'name', version: '1.0', attributes: {...})  # keyword
+      #
+      # When both positional and keyword arguments are provided for the same
+      # parameter, the keyword argument takes precedence.
+      #
+      # @param [String] name Instrumentation scope name
+      # @param [String] version Instrumentation scope version
+      # @param [Hash{String => String, Numeric, Boolean, Array<String, Numeric, Boolean>}] attributes
+      #   Instrumentation scope attributes
       #
       # @return [Tracer]
-      def tracer(name = nil, version = nil)
+      def tracer(deprecated_name = nil, deprecated_version = nil, name: nil, version: nil, attributes: nil)
         @tracer ||= Tracer.new
       end
     end
diff --git a/api/test/opentelemetry/trace/tracer_provider_test.rb b/api/test/opentelemetry/trace/tracer_provider_test.rb
index aa94a7f74d..1ae03dc220 100644
--- a/api/test/opentelemetry/trace/tracer_provider_test.rb
+++ b/api/test/opentelemetry/trace/tracer_provider_test.rb
@@ -10,10 +10,45 @@
   let(:tracer_provider) { OpenTelemetry::Trace::TracerProvider.new }
 
   describe '.tracer' do
-    it 'returns the same tracer for the same arguments' do
+    # Legacy positional calling conventions
+    it 'returns a tracer with no arguments' do
+      tracer = tracer_provider.tracer
+      _(tracer).must_be_instance_of(OpenTelemetry::Trace::Tracer)
+    end
+
+    it 'returns a tracer with name only' do
+      tracer = tracer_provider.tracer('component')
+      _(tracer).must_be_instance_of(OpenTelemetry::Trace::Tracer)
+    end
+
+    it 'returns the same tracer for the same positional arguments' do
       tracer1 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0')
       tracer2 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0')
       _(tracer1).must_equal(tracer2)
     end
+
+    # Keyword calling conventions
+    it 'accepts all keyword arguments' do
+      tracer = tracer_provider.tracer(name: 'component', version: '1.0', attributes: { 'key' => 'value' })
+      _(tracer).must_be_instance_of(OpenTelemetry::Trace::Tracer)
+    end
+
+    it 'accepts name keyword only' do
+      tracer = tracer_provider.tracer(name: 'component')
+      _(tracer).must_be_instance_of(OpenTelemetry::Trace::Tracer)
+    end
+
+    # Mixed positional + keyword
+    it 'accepts positional arguments with attributes keyword' do
+      tracer = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: { 'key' => 'value' })
+      _(tracer).must_be_instance_of(OpenTelemetry::Trace::Tracer)
+    end
+
+    # Nil attributes equivalence
+    it 'returns the same tracer without attributes' do
+      tracer1 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0')
+      tracer2 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: nil)
+      _(tracer1).must_equal(tracer2)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/api/test/opentelemetry_test.rb b/api/test/opentelemetry_test.rb
index b059365aea..9e3fc0f2c5 100644
--- a/api/test/opentelemetry_test.rb
+++ b/api/test/opentelemetry_test.rb
@@ -45,6 +45,17 @@ def tracer(name = nil, version = nil)
     end
   end
 
+  class AttributeAwareTracerProvider < OpenTelemetry::Trace::TracerProvider
+    attr_reader :last_name, :last_version, :last_attributes
+
+    def tracer(deprecated_name = nil, deprecated_version = nil, name: nil, version: nil, attributes: nil)
+      @last_name = name || deprecated_name
+      @last_version = version || deprecated_version
+      @last_attributes = attributes
+      CustomTracer.new
+    end
+  end
+
   describe '.tracer_provider=' do
     after do
       # Ensure we don't leak custom tracer factories and tracers to other tests
@@ -63,6 +74,38 @@ def tracer(name = nil, version = nil)
       OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider = CustomTracerProvider.new
       _(default_tracer_provider.tracer).must_be_instance_of(CustomTracer)
     end
+
+    it 'delegates to a provider that does not support attributes without error' do
+      OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: { 'key' => 'value' })
+      OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider = CustomTracerProvider.new
+      _(OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0')).must_be_instance_of(CustomTracer)
+    end
+
+    it 'delegates attributes to a provider that supports them' do
+      attrs = { 'key' => 'value' }
+      OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: attrs)
+      provider = AttributeAwareTracerProvider.new
+      OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider = provider
+      _(provider.last_attributes).must_equal(attrs)
+    end
+
+    it 'replays keyword-style tracers when delegate is set' do
+      OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider.tracer(name: 'component', version: '1.0', attributes: { 'k' => 'v' })
+      provider = AttributeAwareTracerProvider.new
+      OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider = provider
+      _(provider.last_name).must_equal('component')
+      _(provider.last_version).must_equal('1.0')
+      _(provider.last_attributes).must_equal('k' => 'v')
+    end
+
+    it 'delegates tracers obtained after delegate assignment with attributes' do
+      provider = AttributeAwareTracerProvider.new
+      OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider = provider
+      OpenTelemetry.tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: { 'key' => 'value' })
+      _(provider.last_name).must_equal('component')
+      _(provider.last_version).must_equal('1.0')
+      _(provider.last_attributes).must_equal('key' => 'value')
+    end
   end
 
   describe '.handle_error' do
diff --git a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/instrumentation_scope.rb b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/instrumentation_scope.rb
index 606738ebbc..dc29db13dd 100644
--- a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/instrumentation_scope.rb
+++ b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/instrumentation_scope.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ module OpenTelemetry
   module SDK
     # InstrumentationScope is a struct containing scope information for export.
     InstrumentationScope = Struct.new(:name,
-                                      :version)
+                                      :version,
+                                      :attributes)
   end
 end
diff --git a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer.rb b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer.rb
index 1224b989ad..e8fb72eb15 100644
--- a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer.rb
+++ b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer.rb
@@ -13,13 +13,15 @@ class Tracer < OpenTelemetry::Trace::Tracer
         #
         # Returns a new {Tracer} instance.
         #
-        # @param [String] name Instrumentation package name
-        # @param [String] version Instrumentation package version
+        # @param [String] name Instrumentation scope name
+        # @param [String] version Instrumentation scope version
         # @param [TracerProvider] tracer_provider TracerProvider that initialized the tracer
+        # @param [Hash{String => String, Numeric, Boolean, Array<String, Numeric, Boolean>}] attributes
+        #   Instrumentation scope attributes
         #
         # @return [Tracer]
-        def initialize(name, version, tracer_provider)
-          @instrumentation_scope = InstrumentationScope.new(name, version)
+        def initialize(name, version, tracer_provider, attributes: nil)
+          @instrumentation_scope = InstrumentationScope.new(name, version, attributes || {}.freeze)
           @tracer_provider = tracer_provider
         end
 
diff --git a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider.rb b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider.rb
index 3569451635..54c9de3c89 100644
--- a/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider.rb
+++ b/sdk/lib/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ module SDK
     module Trace
       # {TracerProvider} is the SDK implementation of {OpenTelemetry::Trace::TracerProvider}.
       class TracerProvider < OpenTelemetry::Trace::TracerProvider # rubocop:disable Metrics/ClassLength
-        Key = Struct.new(:name, :version)
-        private_constant(:Key)
+        Key = Struct.new(:name, :version, :attributes)
+        EMPTY_ATTRIBUTES = {}.freeze
+
+        private_constant(:Key, :EMPTY_ATTRIBUTES)
 
         attr_accessor :span_limits, :id_generator, :sampler
         attr_reader :resource
@@ -44,15 +46,28 @@ def initialize(sampler: sampler_from_environment(Samplers.parent_based(root: Sam
 
         # Returns a {Tracer} instance.
         #
-        # @param [optional String] name Instrumentation package name
-        # @param [optional String] version Instrumentation package version
+        # Supports both positional arguments (legacy) and keyword arguments:
+        #   tracer('name', '1.0')                                    # legacy positional
+        #   tracer(name: 'name', version: '1.0', attributes: {...})  # keyword
+        #
+        # When both positional and keyword arguments are provided for the same
+        # parameter, the keyword argument takes precedence.
+        #
+        # @param [String] name Instrumentation scope name
+        # @param [String] version Instrumentation scope version
+        # @param [Hash{String => String, Numeric, Boolean, Array<String, Numeric, Boolean>}] attributes
+        #   Instrumentation scope attributes
         #
         # @return [Tracer]
-        def tracer(name = nil, version = nil)
-          name ||= ''
-          version ||= ''
+        def tracer(deprecated_name = nil, deprecated_version = nil, name: nil, version: nil, attributes: nil) # rubocop:disable Metrics/CyclomaticComplexity, Metrics/PerceivedComplexity
+          name ||= deprecated_name || ''
+          version ||= deprecated_version || ''
+          attributes = attributes&.dup&.freeze || EMPTY_ATTRIBUTES
           OpenTelemetry.logger.warn 'calling TracerProvider#tracer without providing a tracer name.' if name.empty?
-          @registry_mutex.synchronize { @registry[Key.new(name, version)] ||= Tracer.new(name, version, self) }
+          @registry_mutex.synchronize do
+            @registry[Key.new(name, version, attributes)] ||=
+              Tracer.new(name, version, self, attributes: attributes)
+          end
         end
 
         # Attempts to stop all the activity for this {TracerProvider}. Calls
diff --git a/sdk/test/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider_test.rb b/sdk/test/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider_test.rb
index 718813f735..ba45df67d1 100644
--- a/sdk/test/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider_test.rb
+++ b/sdk/test/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_provider_test.rb
@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@
   end
 
   describe '#tracer' do
+    # Legacy positional calling conventions
     it 'returns the same tracer for the same arguments' do
       OpenTelemetry::TestHelpers.with_test_logger do |log_stream|
         tracer1 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0')
@@ -156,6 +157,11 @@
       end
     end
 
+    it 'defaults version to empty string when given positional name only' do
+      tracer = tracer_provider.tracer('component')
+      _(tracer).wont_be_nil
+    end
+
     it 'returns different tracers for different names' do
       tracer1 = tracer_provider.tracer('component1', '1.0')
       tracer2 = tracer_provider.tracer('component2', '1.0')
@@ -168,11 +174,68 @@
       _(tracer1).wont_equal(tracer2)
     end
 
-    it 'warn when no name is passed for the tracer' do
+    it 'warns when no name is passed for the tracer' do
       OpenTelemetry::TestHelpers.with_test_logger do |log_stream|
         tracer_provider.tracer
         _(log_stream.string).must_match(/calling TracerProvider#tracer without providing a tracer name./)
       end
     end
+
+    # Keyword calling conventions
+    it 'accepts all keyword arguments' do
+      tracer = tracer_provider.tracer(name: 'component', version: '1.0', attributes: { 'key' => 'value' })
+      _(tracer).wont_be_nil
+    end
+
+    it 'returns the same tracer for equivalent positional and keyword arguments' do
+      tracer1 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0')
+      tracer2 = tracer_provider.tracer(name: 'component', version: '1.0')
+      _(tracer1).must_equal(tracer2)
+    end
+
+    # Mixed positional + keyword
+    it 'accepts positional name with keyword version' do
+      tracer = tracer_provider.tracer('component', version: '1.0')
+      _(tracer).wont_be_nil
+    end
+
+    it 'prefers keyword arguments over positional arguments' do
+      tracer1 = tracer_provider.tracer('positional', '1.0')
+      tracer2 = tracer_provider.tracer('keyword', '2.0', name: 'keyword', version: '2.0')
+      _(tracer1).wont_equal(tracer2)
+    end
+
+    # Attributes
+    it 'returns the same tracer for the same name, version, and attributes' do
+      tracer1 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: { 'key' => 'value' })
+      tracer2 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: { 'key' => 'value' })
+      _(tracer1).must_equal(tracer2)
+    end
+
+    it 'returns different tracers for different attributes' do
+      tracer1 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: { 'key' => 'value1' })
+      tracer2 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: { 'key' => 'value2' })
+      _(tracer1).wont_equal(tracer2)
+    end
+
+    it 'returns different tracers for attributes vs no attributes' do
+      tracer1 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0')
+      tracer2 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: { 'key' => 'value' })
+      _(tracer1).wont_equal(tracer2)
+    end
+
+    it 'treats nil attributes the same as no attributes' do
+      tracer1 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0')
+      tracer2 = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: nil)
+      _(tracer1).must_equal(tracer2)
+    end
+
+    it 'does not allow mutation of attributes after tracer creation' do
+      attrs = { 'key' => 'value' }
+      tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: attrs)
+      attrs['key'] = 'mutated'
+      tracer = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: { 'key' => 'value' })
+      _(tracer).wont_be_nil
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/sdk/test/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_test.rb b/sdk/test/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_test.rb
index 7bba2783a3..e780aed9f8 100644
--- a/sdk/test/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_test.rb
+++ b/sdk/test/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/tracer_test.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,36 @@
     Samplers::ConstantSampler.new(decision: Decision::RECORD_ONLY, description: 'RecordSampler')
   end
 
+  describe 'instrumentation scope attributes' do
+    it 'creates a tracer with empty attributes by default' do
+      tracer = Tracer.new('component', '1.0', tracer_provider)
+      span = tracer.start_root_span('test')
+      _(span.instrumentation_scope.attributes).must_equal({})
+    end
+
+    it 'normalizes nil attributes to empty hash' do
+      tracer = Tracer.new('component', '1.0', tracer_provider, attributes: nil)
+      span = tracer.start_root_span('test')
+      _(span.instrumentation_scope.attributes).must_equal({})
+    end
+
+    it 'creates a tracer with attributes' do
+      attrs = { 'key' => 'value' }
+      tracer = Tracer.new('component', '1.0', tracer_provider, attributes: attrs)
+      span = tracer.start_root_span('test')
+      _(span.instrumentation_scope.attributes).must_equal(attrs)
+    end
+
+    it 'propagates attributes through to exported span data' do
+      attrs = { 'key' => 'value' }
+      tracer = tracer_provider.tracer('component', '1.0', attributes: attrs)
+      span = tracer.start_root_span('test')
+      _(span.instrumentation_scope.name).must_equal('component')
+      _(span.instrumentation_scope.version).must_equal('1.0')
+      _(span.instrumentation_scope.attributes).must_equal(attrs)
+    end
+  end
+
   describe '#start_root_span' do
     it 'provides a default name' do
       _(tracer.start_root_span(nil).name).wont_be_nil