diff --git a/.github/workflows/docker-test.yml b/.github/workflows/docker-test.yml
index 9c5f8724a06d..ed6fab0f927a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/docker-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker-test.yml
@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@ jobs:
               uses: docker/build-push-action@bcafcacb16a39f128d818304e6c9c0c18556b85f # v7.1.0
               with:
                   context: .
-                  build-args: PLAYWRIGHT_SKIP_BROWSER_DOWNLOAD=0 # also test bundling Chromium
+                  # also test bundling Chromium
+                  build-args: |
+                      PLAYWRIGHT_SKIP_BROWSER_DOWNLOAD=0
+                      CLOAKBROWSER_SKIP_DOWNLOAD=0
                   load: true
                   tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
                   labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/issue-command.yml b/.github/workflows/issue-command.yml
index 1b65ce41f14e..155452f852b3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/issue-command.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/issue-command.yml
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ jobs:
                   cache: 'pnpm'
 
             - name: Install dependencies (pnpm)
-              run: pnpm i && pnpm rb && pnpm exec playwright install chromium
+              run: pnpm i && pnpm rb && pnpm exec cloakbrowser install
 
             - name: Fetch affected routes
               id: fetch-route
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index dc623d56a581..fefb09f949a8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
             - name: Install dependencies (pnpm)
               run: pnpm i
             - name: Run postinstall script for dependencies
-              run: pnpm rb && pnpm exec playwright install chromium
+              run: pnpm rb && pnpm exec cloakbrowser install
             - name: Build routes
               run: pnpm build
             - name: Build worker routes
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
               run: pnpm build
             - name: Install bundled Chromium
               if: ${{ matrix.chromium.dependency == '' }}
-              run: pnpm exec playwright install chromium
+              run: pnpm exec cloakbrowser install
             - name: Install Chromium
               if: ${{ matrix.chromium.dependency != '' }}
               # 'chromium-browser' from Ubuntu APT repo is a dummy package. Its version (85.0.4183.83) means
diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
index 6683193b7ed6..7bc5cc140b83 100644
--- a/Dockerfile
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ WORKDIR /ver
 COPY ./package.json /app/
 RUN \
     set -ex && \
-    grep -Po '(?<="playwright": ")[^\s"]*(?=")' /app/package.json | tee /ver/.playwright_version && \
+    grep -Po '(?<="cloakbrowser": ")[^\s"]*(?=")' /app/package.json | tee /ver/.cloakbrowser_version && \
     grep -Po '(?<="@vercel/nft": ")[^\s"]*(?=")' /app/package.json | tee /ver/.nft_version && \
     grep -Po '(?<="fs-extra": ")[^\s"]*(?=")' /app/package.json | tee /ver/.fs_extra_version
 
@@ -88,29 +88,32 @@ FROM node:24-bookworm-slim AS chromium-downloader
 # Yeah, downloading Chromium never needs those dependencies below.
 
 WORKDIR /app
-COPY --from=dep-version-parser /ver/.playwright_version /app/.playwright_version
+COPY --from=dep-version-parser /ver/.cloakbrowser_version /app/.cloakbrowser_version
 
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
 ARG USE_CHINA_NPM_REGISTRY=0
 ARG PLAYWRIGHT_SKIP_BROWSER_DOWNLOAD=1
-# The official recommended way to use Playwright on x86(_64) is to use the bundled browser.
+ARG CLOAKBROWSER_SKIP_DOWNLOAD=1
+# CloakBrowser publishes prebuilt patched Chromium for both linux/amd64 and linux/arm64,
+ENV CLOAKBROWSER_CACHE_DIR=/app/node_modules/.cache/cloakbrowser
 RUN \
     set -ex ; \
-    if [ "$PLAYWRIGHT_SKIP_BROWSER_DOWNLOAD" = 0 ] && [ "$TARGETPLATFORM" = 'linux/amd64' ]; then \
+    if [ "$PLAYWRIGHT_SKIP_BROWSER_DOWNLOAD" = 0 ]; then \
         if [ "$USE_CHINA_NPM_REGISTRY" = 1 ]; then \
             npm config set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com && \
             yarn config set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com && \
             pnpm config set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com ; \
         fi; \
-        echo 'Downloading Chromium...' && \
+        echo 'Downloading CloakBrowser...' && \
         unset PLAYWRIGHT_SKIP_BROWSER_DOWNLOAD && \
-        export PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH=/app/node_modules/.cache/ms-playwright && \
         corepack enable pnpm && \
-        pnpm --allow-build=playwright add playwright@$(cat /app/.playwright_version) --save-prod && \
-        pnpm rb && \
-        pnpm exec playwright install chromium ; \
+        pnpm add cloakbrowser@$(cat /app/.cloakbrowser_version) --save-prod && \
+        pnpm rb ; \
+        if [ "$CLOAKBROWSER_SKIP_DOWNLOAD" = 0 ]; then \
+            pnpm exec cloakbrowser install ; \
+        fi; \
     else \
-        mkdir -p /app/node_modules/.cache/ms-playwright ; \
+        mkdir -p "$CLOAKBROWSER_CACHE_DIR" ; \
     fi;
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -121,15 +124,18 @@ LABEL org.opencontainers.image.authors="https://github.com/DIYgod/RSSHub"
 
 ENV NODE_ENV=production
 ENV TZ=Asia/Shanghai
+ENV CLOAKBROWSER_AUTO_UPDATE=false
+ENV CLOAKBROWSER_DOWNLOAD_URL=https://github.com/CloakHQ/cloakbrowser/releases/download
 
 WORKDIR /app
 
 # install deps first to avoid cache miss or disturbing buildkit to build concurrently
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
 ARG PLAYWRIGHT_SKIP_BROWSER_DOWNLOAD=1
+ARG CLOAKBROWSER_SKIP_DOWNLOAD=1
 # https://playwright.dev/docs/docker#introduction
 # https://www.debian.org/releases/bookworm/amd64/release-notes/ch-information.en.html#noteworthy-obsolete-packages
-# On arm/arm64, install Chromium from the distribution repositories.
+# CloakBrowser ships prebuilt patched Chromium for both linux/amd64 and linux/arm64
 RUN \
     set -ex && \
     apt-get update && \
@@ -137,32 +143,32 @@ RUN \
         dumb-init git curl \
     ; \
     if [ "$PLAYWRIGHT_SKIP_BROWSER_DOWNLOAD" = 0 ]; then \
-        if [ "$TARGETPLATFORM" = 'linux/amd64' ]; then \
-            apt-get install -yq --no-install-recommends \
-                ca-certificates fonts-liberation wget xdg-utils \
-                libasound2 libatk-bridge2.0-0 libatk1.0-0 libatspi2.0-0 libcairo2 libcups2 libdbus-1-3 libdrm2 \
-                libexpat1 libgbm1 libglib2.0-0 libnspr4 libnss3 libpango-1.0-0 libx11-6 libxcb1 libxcomposite1 \
-                libxdamage1 libxext6 libxfixes3 libxkbcommon0 libxrandr2 \
-            ; \
-        else \
-            apt-get install -yq --no-install-recommends \
-                chromium \
-            && \
-            echo "CHROMIUM_EXECUTABLE_PATH=$(which chromium)" | tee /app/.env ; \
-        fi; \
+        apt-get install -yq --no-install-recommends \
+            ca-certificates fonts-liberation wget xdg-utils \
+            libasound2 libatk-bridge2.0-0 libatk1.0-0 libatspi2.0-0 libcairo2 libcups2 libdbus-1-3 libdrm2 \
+            libexpat1 libgbm1 libglib2.0-0 libnspr4 libnss3 libpango-1.0-0 libx11-6 libxcb1 libxcomposite1 \
+            libxdamage1 libxext6 libxfixes3 libxkbcommon0 libxrandr2 \
+            # https://github.com/CloakHQ/CloakBrowser/tree/main#font-setup-on-linux
+            fonts-noto-color-emoji fonts-freefont-ttf fonts-unifont \
+            fonts-ipafont-gothic fonts-wqy-zenhei fonts-tlwg-loma-otf \
+        ; \
     fi; \
     rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-COPY --from=chromium-downloader /app/node_modules/.cache/ms-playwright /app/node_modules/.cache/ms-playwright
+ENV CLOAKBROWSER_CACHE_DIR=/app/node_modules/.cache/cloakbrowser
+COPY --from=chromium-downloader /app/node_modules/.cache/cloakbrowser /app/node_modules/.cache/cloakbrowser
 
 RUN \
     set -ex && \
-    if [ "$PLAYWRIGHT_SKIP_BROWSER_DOWNLOAD" = 0 ] && [ "$TARGETPLATFORM" = 'linux/amd64' ]; then \
+    if [ "$PLAYWRIGHT_SKIP_BROWSER_DOWNLOAD" = 0 ] && [ "$CLOAKBROWSER_SKIP_DOWNLOAD" = 0 ]; then \
         echo 'Verifying Chromium installation...' && \
-        _chrome_path=$(find /app/node_modules/.cache/ms-playwright/ -name chrome -xtype f -executable | head -n1) && \
-        echo "CHROMIUM_EXECUTABLE_PATH=$_chrome_path" | tee /app/.env && \
+        _chrome_path=$(find /app/node_modules/.cache/cloakbrowser/ -name chrome -xtype f -executable | head -n1) && \
+        if [ -z "$_chrome_path" ]; then \
+            echo "!!! CloakBrowser binary not found !!!" && \
+            exit 1 ; \
+        fi; \
         if ldd "$_chrome_path" | grep "not found"; then \
-            echo "!!! Chromium has unmet shared libs !!!" && \
+            echo "!!! CloakBrowser has unmet shared libs !!!" && \
             exit 1 ; \
         else \
             echo "Awesome! All shared libs are met!" ; \
diff --git a/lib/bilibili-video-route.test.ts b/lib/bilibili-video-route.test.ts
index 09f601237bd5..39dd7ea1b034 100644
--- a/lib/bilibili-video-route.test.ts
+++ b/lib/bilibili-video-route.test.ts
@@ -11,15 +11,13 @@ const destroy = vi.fn();
 const getPlaywrightPage = vi.fn();
 const goto = vi.fn();
 const on = vi.fn();
-const setCookie = vi.fn();
-const setRequestInterception = vi.fn();
+const pageRoute = vi.fn();
 const waitForResponse = vi.fn();
 
 const page = {
     goto,
     on,
-    setCookie,
-    setRequestInterception,
+    route: pageRoute,
     waitForResponse,
 };
 
@@ -66,8 +64,7 @@ describe('/bilibili/user/video/:uid', () => {
         getPlaywrightPage.mockReset();
         goto.mockReset();
         on.mockReset();
-        setCookie.mockReset();
-        setRequestInterception.mockReset();
+        pageRoute.mockReset();
         waitForResponse.mockReset();
     });
 
@@ -109,6 +106,7 @@ describe('/bilibili/user/video/:uid', () => {
         getPlaywrightPage.mockImplementation(async (_url, options) => {
             await options.onBeforeLoad?.(page);
             return {
+                context: {},
                 destroy,
                 page,
             };
@@ -171,6 +169,7 @@ describe('/bilibili/user/video/:uid', () => {
         getPlaywrightPage.mockImplementation(async (_url, options) => {
             await options.onBeforeLoad?.(page);
             return {
+                context: {},
                 destroy,
                 page,
             };
diff --git a/lib/index.ts b/lib/index.ts
index d21bac888c48..91510a41260b 100644
--- a/lib/index.ts
+++ b/lib/index.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import app from '@/app';
 import { config } from '@/config';
 import { getLocalhostAddress } from '@/utils/common-utils';
 import logger from '@/utils/logger';
+import { checkChromium } from '@/utils/playwright-utils';
 
 const port = config.connect.port;
 const hostIPList = getLocalhostAddress();
@@ -30,6 +31,8 @@ if (config.enableCluster) {
         for (let i = 0; i < numCPUs; i++) {
             cluster.fork();
         }
+
+        void checkChromium();
     } else {
         logger.info(`Worker ${process.pid} is running`);
         serve({
@@ -58,6 +61,8 @@ if (config.enableCluster) {
             maxHeaderSize: 1024 * 32,
         },
     });
+
+    void checkChromium();
 }
 
 export default server;
diff --git a/lib/routes/acs/journal.tsx b/lib/routes/acs/journal.tsx
index 4ad4d5587da1..d5f2b847817d 100644
--- a/lib/routes/acs/journal.tsx
+++ b/lib/routes/acs/journal.tsx
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
 
     let title = '';
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
     const items = await cache.tryGet(
         currentUrl,
         async () => {
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             await page.goto(currentUrl, {
                 waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         false
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title,
diff --git a/lib/routes/aip/journal-pupp.ts b/lib/routes/aip/journal-pupp.ts
index 845661a89223..3e0412b5a127 100644
--- a/lib/routes/aip/journal-pupp.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/aip/journal-pupp.ts
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ const handler = async (ctx) => {
     }
 
     // use Playwright due to the obstacle by cloudflare challenge
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
     const { jrnlName, list } = await cache.tryGet(
         jrnlUrl,
         async () => {
-            const response = await playwrightGet(jrnlUrl, browser);
+            const response = await playwrightGet(jrnlUrl, context);
             const $ = load(response);
             const jrnlName = $('.header-journal-title').text();
             const list = $('.card')
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ const handler = async (ctx) => {
         false
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: jrnlName,
diff --git a/lib/routes/aip/utils.tsx b/lib/routes/aip/utils.tsx
index ba592557f627..00826b987be3 100644
--- a/lib/routes/aip/utils.tsx
+++ b/lib/routes/aip/utils.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import { renderToString } from 'hono/jsx/dom/server';
 
-const playwrightGet = async (url, browser) => {
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
+const playwrightGet = async (url, context) => {
+    const page = await context.newPage();
     // await page.setExtraHTTPHeaders({ referer: host });
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(url, {
         waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
diff --git a/lib/routes/alternativeto/utils.ts b/lib/routes/alternativeto/utils.ts
index 08fd66814fef..8160f19c5471 100644
--- a/lib/routes/alternativeto/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/alternativeto/utils.ts
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ const baseURL = 'https://alternativeto.net';
 
 const playwrightGet = (url, cache) =>
     cache.tryGet(url, async () => {
-        const browser = await playwright();
-        const page = await browser.newPage();
-        await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-        page.on('request', (request) => {
-            request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+        const context = await playwright();
+        const page = await context.newPage();
+        await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+            const request = route.request();
+            request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
         });
         await page.goto(url, {
             waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
         });
         const html = await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.innerHTML);
-        await browser.close();
+        await context.close();
         return html;
     });
 
diff --git a/lib/routes/apkpure/versions.ts b/lib/routes/apkpure/versions.ts
index 911f05d2ae65..bce6bb781d1e 100644
--- a/lib/routes/apkpure/versions.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/apkpure/versions.ts
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const baseUrl = 'https://apkpure.com';
     const link = `${baseUrl}/${region}/${pkg}/versions`;
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     logger.http(`Requesting ${link}`);
     await page.goto(link, {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     });
 
     const r = await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.innerHTML);
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const $ = load(r);
     const img = new URL($('.ver-top img').attr('src'));
diff --git a/lib/routes/bilibili/cache.ts b/lib/routes/bilibili/cache.ts
index 213727ec6635..c8bc573544bc 100644
--- a/lib/routes/bilibili/cache.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/bilibili/cache.ts
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ const getCookie = (disableConfig = false) => {
                 waitForRequest = new Promise<string>((resolve) => {
                     page.on('requestfinished', async (request) => {
                         if (request.url() === 'https://api.bilibili.com/x/web-interface/nav') {
-                            const cookies = await page.cookies();
+                            const cookies = await page.context().cookies();
                             let cookieString = cookies.map((cookie) => `${cookie.name}=${cookie.value}`).join('; ');
                             cookieString = cookieString.replace(/b_lsid=[0-9A-F]+_[0-9A-F]+/, `b_lsid=${utils.lsid()}`);
                             resolve(cookieString);
diff --git a/lib/routes/bilibili/video.ts b/lib/routes/bilibili/video.ts
index 9b2a66bdfae5..c34a821c3b29 100644
--- a/lib/routes/bilibili/video.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/bilibili/video.ts
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ async function applyCookie(page: Page, cookie: string) {
         .filter((item) => item !== undefined);
 
     if (cookies.length > 0) {
-        await page.setCookie(...cookies);
+        await page.context().addCookies(cookies);
     }
 }
 
@@ -184,9 +184,9 @@ async function fetchVideoListFromBrowser(uid: string): Promise<VideoListData> {
                 await applyCookie(page, cookie);
             }
 
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                allowedBrowserRequestTypes.has(request.resourceType()) ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                allowedBrowserRequestTypes.has(request.resourceType()) ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
         },
         gotoConfig: { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' },
diff --git a/lib/routes/bluestacks/release.ts b/lib/routes/bluestacks/release.ts
index bf3c823ecf1e..19fc5b164813 100644
--- a/lib/routes/bluestacks/release.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/bluestacks/release.ts
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ export const route: Route = {
 };
 
 async function handler() {
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(pageUrl, {
         waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ async function handler() {
     await Promise.all(
         items.map((item) =>
             cache.tryGet(item.link, async () => {
-                const page = await browser.newPage();
-                await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                page.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                const page = await context.newPage();
+                await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
                 await page.goto(item.link, {
                     waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ async function handler() {
         )
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: $('.article__title').text().trim(),
diff --git a/lib/routes/ccac/news.ts b/lib/routes/ccac/news.ts
index cf893ee8e771..508c196ce03a 100644
--- a/lib/routes/ccac/news.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/ccac/news.ts
@@ -32,21 +32,21 @@ export const route: Route = {
 };
 
 async function handler(ctx) {
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
     const lang = ctx.req.param('lang') ?? 'sc';
     const type = utils.TYPE[ctx.req.param('type')];
 
     const BASE = utils.langBase(lang);
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(BASE, {
         waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
     });
     const articles = await page.evaluate(() => window.articles);
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const list = utils
         .typeFilter(articles, type)
diff --git a/lib/routes/chinadegrees/province.tsx b/lib/routes/chinadegrees/province.tsx
index e32c38d7da5a..e129324fe2f2 100644
--- a/lib/routes/chinadegrees/province.tsx
+++ b/lib/routes/chinadegrees/province.tsx
@@ -82,11 +82,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const data = await cache.tryGet(
         url,
         async () => {
-            const browser = await playwright();
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const context = await playwright();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             await page.goto(url, {
                 waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             await page.waitForSelector('.datalist');
 
             const html = await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.innerHTML);
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
 
             const $ = load(html);
             return {
diff --git a/lib/routes/chinatimes/index.ts b/lib/routes/chinatimes/index.ts
index bfeb05a87d93..20c9bdab7a1f 100644
--- a/lib/routes/chinatimes/index.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/chinatimes/index.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
 
     const response = await ofetch(link);
     const $ = load(response);
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
     const list = $('.articlebox-compact')
         .toArray()
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const items = await Promise.all(
         list.map((item) =>
             cache.tryGet(item.link, async () => {
-                const page = await browser.newPage();
-                await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                page.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                const page = await context.newPage();
+                await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
                 logger.http(`Requesting ${item.link}`);
                 await page.goto(item.link, {
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         )
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: $('head title').text(),
diff --git a/lib/routes/cjlu/yjsy/index.ts b/lib/routes/cjlu/yjsy/index.ts
index 68804d6e1930..8bf31f06a120 100644
--- a/lib/routes/cjlu/yjsy/index.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/cjlu/yjsy/index.ts
@@ -86,19 +86,18 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const limit = ctx.req.query('limit') ? Number.parseInt(ctx.req.query('limit'), 10) : 10;
     const url = `${host}index/${cate}.htm`;
 
-    const { page, destroy, browser } = await getPlaywrightPage(url, {
+    const { page, destroy } = await getPlaywrightPage(url, {
         onBeforeLoad: async (page) => {
             await page.setExtraHTTPHeaders(headers);
-            await page.setUserAgent(headers['User-Agent']);
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                allowedResourceTypes.has(request.resourceType()) ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                allowedResourceTypes.has(request.resourceType()) ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
         },
-        gotoConfig: { waitUntil: 'networkidle2' },
+        gotoConfig: { waitUntil: 'networkidle' },
     });
 
-    const cookies = await browser.cookies();
+    const cookies = await page.context().cookies();
     const cookieString = cookies.map((c) => `${c.name}=${c.value}`).join('; ');
 
     const response = await page.content();
diff --git a/lib/routes/cmde/index.ts b/lib/routes/cmde/index.ts
index 0f7776e45237..6e3d8c1cfcb7 100644
--- a/lib/routes/cmde/index.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/cmde/index.ts
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ export const route: Route = {
 async function handler(ctx) {
     const cate = ctx.req.param('cate') ?? 'xwdt/zxyw';
     const url = `${rootURL}/${cate}/`;
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
     const data = await cache.tryGet(url, async () => {
-        const page = await browser.newPage();
-        await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-        page.on('request', (request) => {
-            request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+        const page = await context.newPage();
+        await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+            const request = route.request();
+            request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
         });
         await page.goto(url, {
             waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const items = await Promise.all(
         data.items.map((item) =>
             cache.tryGet(item.link, async () => {
-                const page = await browser.newPage();
-                await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                page.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                const page = await context.newPage();
+                await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
                 await page.goto(item.link, {
                     waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         )
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: data.title,
diff --git a/lib/routes/colamanga/manga.ts b/lib/routes/colamanga/manga.ts
index 626f1b0d8067..bda4c200b721 100644
--- a/lib/routes/colamanga/manga.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/colamanga/manga.ts
@@ -43,14 +43,13 @@ async function handler(ctx: Context) {
     const id = ctx.req.param('id');
     const url = `https://${domain}/${id}`;
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
 
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
 
     logger.http(`Requesting ${url}`);
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ async function handler(ctx: Context) {
     });
 
     const response = await page.content();
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const $ = load(response);
 
diff --git a/lib/routes/cw/author.ts b/lib/routes/cw/author.ts
index 2be67a126dfe..fda1501a0996 100644
--- a/lib/routes/cw/author.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/cw/author.ts
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ export const route: Route = {
 };
 
 async function handler(ctx) {
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
-    const { $, items } = await parsePage('author', browser, ctx);
+    const { $, items } = await parsePage('author', context, ctx);
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: $('head title').text(),
diff --git a/lib/routes/cw/master.ts b/lib/routes/cw/master.ts
index eaae855f3f21..239d6c22a334 100644
--- a/lib/routes/cw/master.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/cw/master.ts
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ export const route: Route = {
 };
 
 async function handler(ctx) {
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
-    const { $, items } = await parsePage('master', browser, ctx);
+    const { $, items } = await parsePage('master', context, ctx);
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: $('head title').text(),
diff --git a/lib/routes/cw/sub.ts b/lib/routes/cw/sub.ts
index 3f5abdb728bb..a374c6d1921c 100644
--- a/lib/routes/cw/sub.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/cw/sub.ts
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ export const route: Route = {
 };
 
 async function handler(ctx) {
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
-    const { $, items } = await parsePage('sub', browser, ctx);
+    const { $, items } = await parsePage('sub', context, ctx);
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: $('head title').text(),
diff --git a/lib/routes/cw/today.ts b/lib/routes/cw/today.ts
index dd34056332ab..73e4303f4c0e 100644
--- a/lib/routes/cw/today.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/cw/today.ts
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ export const route: Route = {
 };
 
 async function handler(ctx) {
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
-    const { $, items } = await parsePage('today', browser, ctx);
+    const { $, items } = await parsePage('today', context, ctx);
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: $('head title').text(),
diff --git a/lib/routes/cw/utils.ts b/lib/routes/cw/utils.ts
index f1f9a9859505..be75a2aafa30 100644
--- a/lib/routes/cw/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/cw/utils.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { load } from 'cheerio';
 
+import { config } from '@/config';
 import cache from '@/utils/cache';
 import logger from '@/utils/logger';
 import ofetch from '@/utils/ofetch';
@@ -29,13 +30,13 @@ const pathMap = {
     },
 };
 
-const getCookie = async (browser, tryGet) => {
+const getCookie = async (context, tryGet) => {
     if (!cookie) {
         cookie = await tryGet('cw:cookie', async () => {
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             logger.http(`Requesting ${baseUrl}/user/get/cookie-bar`);
             await page.goto(`${baseUrl}/user/get/cookie-bar`, {
@@ -49,14 +50,14 @@ const getCookie = async (browser, tryGet) => {
     return cookie;
 };
 
-const parsePage = async (path, browser, ctx) => {
+const parsePage = async (path, context, ctx) => {
     const pageUrl = `${baseUrl}${pathMap[path].pageUrl(ctx.req.param('channel'))}`;
 
-    const cookie = await getCookie(browser, cache.tryGet);
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const cookie = await getCookie(context, cache.tryGet);
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await setCookies(page, cookie, 'cw.com.tw');
     logger.http(`Requesting ${pageUrl}`);
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ const parsePage = async (path, browser, ctx) => {
     const $ = load(response);
 
     const list = parseList($, ctx.req.query('limit') ? Number(ctx.req.query('limit')) : pathMap[path].limit);
-    const items = await parseItems(list, browser, cache.tryGet);
+    const items = await parseItems(list, context, cache.tryGet);
 
     return { $, items };
 };
@@ -88,14 +89,14 @@ const parseList = ($, limit) =>
         })
         .slice(0, limit);
 
-const parseItems = (list, browser, tryGet) =>
+const parseItems = (list, context, tryGet) =>
     Promise.all(
         list.map((item) =>
             tryGet(item.link, async () => {
                 const response = await ofetch(item.link, {
                     headers: {
-                        Cookie: await getCookie(browser, tryGet),
-                        'User-Agent': browser.userAgent(),
+                        Cookie: await getCookie(context, tryGet),
+                        'User-Agent': config.ua,
                     },
                 });
                 const $ = load(response);
diff --git a/lib/routes/dailypush/all.ts b/lib/routes/dailypush/all.ts
index 6a39fe133178..e92405045348 100644
--- a/lib/routes/dailypush/all.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/dailypush/all.ts
@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const { sort = '' } = ctx.req.param();
     const url = sort ? `${BASE_URL}/${sort}` : BASE_URL;
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
     try {
-        const html = await fetchPageHtml(browser, url, 'article');
+        const html = await fetchPageHtml(context, url, 'article');
         const $ = load(html);
         const list = parseArticles($, BASE_URL);
-        const items = await enhanceItemsWithSummaries(browser, list);
+        const items = await enhanceItemsWithSummaries(context, list);
 
         const pageTitle = $('title').text() || 'DailyPush - All';
 
@@ -57,6 +57,6 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             item: items,
         };
     } finally {
-        await browser.close();
+        await context.close();
     }
 }
diff --git a/lib/routes/dailypush/tags.ts b/lib/routes/dailypush/tags.ts
index c1430d29ae47..0cac69fc7345 100644
--- a/lib/routes/dailypush/tags.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/dailypush/tags.ts
@@ -43,12 +43,12 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const { tag, sort = 'trending' } = ctx.req.param();
     const url = `${BASE_URL}/${tag}/${sort}`;
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
     try {
-        const html = await fetchPageHtml(browser, url, 'article');
+        const html = await fetchPageHtml(context, url, 'article');
         const $ = load(html);
         const list = parseArticles($, BASE_URL);
-        const items = await enhanceItemsWithSummaries(browser, list);
+        const items = await enhanceItemsWithSummaries(context, list);
 
         const pageTitle = $('title').text() || `DailyPush - ${tag.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + tag.slice(1)}`;
 
@@ -58,6 +58,6 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             item: items,
         };
     } finally {
-        await browser.close();
+        await context.close();
     }
 }
diff --git a/lib/routes/dailypush/utils.ts b/lib/routes/dailypush/utils.ts
index 1fd24ec3ad85..a19c71a7d848 100644
--- a/lib/routes/dailypush/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/dailypush/utils.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import type { CheerioAPI } from 'cheerio';
 import { load } from 'cheerio';
+import type { BrowserContext } from 'playwright-core';
 
 import type { DataItem } from '@/types';
 import cache from '@/utils/cache';
 import logger from '@/utils/logger';
 import { parseRelativeDate } from '@/utils/parse-date';
-import type { Browser, Page } from '@/utils/playwright';
+import type { Page } from '@/utils/playwright';
 
 export const BASE_URL = 'https://www.dailypush.dev';
 
@@ -23,19 +24,19 @@ export interface ArticleItem {
 const allowedRequestTypes = new Set(['document']);
 
 async function preparePage(page: Page) {
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
         if (allowedRequestTypes.has(request.resourceType())) {
-            request.continue();
+            route.continue();
             return;
         }
 
-        request.abort();
+        route.abort();
     });
 }
 
-export async function fetchPageHtml(browser: Browser, url: string, waitForSelector?: string): Promise<string> {
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
+export async function fetchPageHtml(context: BrowserContext, url: string, waitForSelector?: string): Promise<string> {
+    const page = await context.newPage();
     await preparePage(page);
 
     try {
@@ -259,9 +260,9 @@ export function parseArticles($: CheerioAPI, baseUrl: string): ArticleItem[] {
 
 /**
  * Enhance items with full summaries from dailypush article pages.
- * Uses the provided browser; opens a new tab per URL (document requests only). Caller must close the browser.
+ * Uses the provided context; opens a new tab per URL (document requests only). Caller must close the context.
  */
-export async function enhanceItemsWithSummaries(browser: Browser, items: ArticleItem[]): Promise<DataItem[]> {
+export async function enhanceItemsWithSummaries(context: BrowserContext, items: ArticleItem[]): Promise<DataItem[]> {
     const itemsWithUrl = items.filter((item) => item.dailyPushUrl !== undefined);
     const itemsWithoutUrl: DataItem[] = items.filter((item) => item.dailyPushUrl === undefined);
 
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ export async function enhanceItemsWithSummaries(browser: Browser, items: Article
         itemsWithUrl.map((item) =>
             cache.tryGet(item.dailyPushUrl!, async () => {
                 try {
-                    const html = await fetchPageHtml(browser, item.dailyPushUrl!, 'p.font-ibm-plex-sans.leading-relaxed');
+                    const html = await fetchPageHtml(context, item.dailyPushUrl!, 'p.font-ibm-plex-sans.leading-relaxed');
                     const $ = load(html);
                     const summary = $('p.font-ibm-plex-sans.leading-relaxed');
                     if (summary.length > 0 && summary.text().trim()) {
diff --git a/lib/routes/dcard/section.ts b/lib/routes/dcard/section.ts
index a32f14582405..9c30bc07c7fa 100644
--- a/lib/routes/dcard/section.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/dcard/section.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export const route: Route = {
 async function handler(ctx) {
     const { type = 'latest', section = 'posts' } = ctx.req.param();
     const limit = ctx.req.query('limit') ? Number(ctx.req.query('limit')) : 30;
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
     let link = 'https://www.dcard.tw/f';
     let api = 'https://www.dcard.tw/service/api/v2';
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         title += '最新';
     }
 
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.setExtraHTTPHeaders({
         referer: `https://www.dcard.tw/f/${section}`,
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     await page.goto(`${api}&limit=100`);
     await page.waitForSelector('body > pre');
     const response = await page.evaluate(() => document.querySelector('body > pre').textContent);
-    const cookies = await cache.tryGet('dcard:cookies', () => page.cookies(), 3600, false);
+    const cookies = await cache.tryGet('dcard:cookies', () => page.context().cookies(), 3600, false);
     await page.close();
 
     const data = JSON.parse(response);
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     }));
 
     // parse fulltext for first `limit` items
-    const result = await utils.ProcessFeed(items, cookies, browser, limit, cache);
-    await browser.close();
+    const result = await utils.ProcessFeed(items, cookies, context, limit, cache);
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title,
diff --git a/lib/routes/dcard/utils.ts b/lib/routes/dcard/utils.ts
index 083c736d6dd6..0262350f7541 100644
--- a/lib/routes/dcard/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/dcard/utils.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import pMap from 'p-map';
 
-const ProcessFeed = async (items, cookies, browser, limit, cache) => {
+const ProcessFeed = async (items, cookies, context, limit, cache) => {
     let newCookies = [];
     const result = await pMap(
         items.slice(0, limit),
@@ -10,19 +10,19 @@ const ProcessFeed = async (items, cookies, browser, limit, cache) => {
                 let response;
                 // try catch 处理被删除的帖子
                 try {
-                    const page = await browser.newPage();
-                    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                    page.on('request', (request) => {
-                        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'fetch' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                    const page = await context.newPage();
+                    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                        const request = route.request();
+                        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'fetch' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                     });
                     await page.setExtraHTTPHeaders({
                         referer: `https://www.dcard.tw/f/${i.forumAlias}/p/${i.id}`,
                     });
-                    await page.setCookie(...cookies);
+                    await page.context().addCookies(cookies);
                     await page.goto(url);
                     await page.waitForSelector('body > pre');
                     response = await page.evaluate(() => document.querySelector('body > pre').textContent);
-                    newCookies = await page.cookies();
+                    newCookies = await page.context().cookies();
                     await page.close();
 
                     const data = JSON.parse(response);
diff --git a/lib/routes/douyin/hashtag.ts b/lib/routes/douyin/hashtag.ts
index 47f3f01fa9e3..77541e05e406 100644
--- a/lib/routes/douyin/hashtag.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/douyin/hashtag.ts
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const tagData = await cache.tryGet(
         `douyin:hashtag:${cid}`,
         async () => {
-            const browser = await playwright();
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
+            const context = await playwright();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
             let awemeList = '';
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             page.on('response', async (response) => {
                 const request = response.request();
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
                 }
             });
             await page.goto(tagUrl, {
-                waitUntil: 'networkidle2',
+                waitUntil: 'networkidle',
             });
             await page.waitForSelector('#RENDER_DATA');
             const html = await page.evaluate(() => document.querySelector('#RENDER_DATA').textContent);
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
 
             const renderData = JSON.parse(decodeURIComponent(html));
             const dataKey = Object.keys(renderData).find((key) => renderData[key].topicDetail);
diff --git a/lib/routes/douyin/live.ts b/lib/routes/douyin/live.ts
index c1d3f7a438b4..93cb864a36f3 100644
--- a/lib/routes/douyin/live.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/douyin/live.ts
@@ -42,12 +42,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         `douyin:live:${rid}`,
         async () => {
             let roomInfo;
-            const browser = await playwright();
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'stylesheet' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const context = await playwright();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'stylesheet' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             page.on('response', async (response) => {
                 const request = response.request();
@@ -57,9 +56,9 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             });
             logger.http(`Requesting ${pageUrl}`);
             await page.goto(pageUrl, {
-                waitUntil: 'networkidle2',
+                waitUntil: 'networkidle',
             });
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
 
             return roomInfo;
         },
diff --git a/lib/routes/douyin/user.ts b/lib/routes/douyin/user.ts
index bbfbb8edc50f..ee7994e93c3f 100644
--- a/lib/routes/douyin/user.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/douyin/user.ts
@@ -50,12 +50,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         `douyin:user:${uid}`,
         async () => {
             let postData;
-            const browser = await playwright();
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const context = await playwright();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             page.on('response', async (response) => {
                 const request = response.request();
@@ -66,10 +65,10 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
 
             logger.http(`Requesting ${pageUrl}`);
             await page.goto(pageUrl, {
-                waitUntil: 'networkidle2',
+                waitUntil: 'networkidle',
             });
 
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
 
             if (!postData) {
                 throw new Error('Empty post data. The request may be filtered by WAF.');
diff --git a/lib/routes/fortnite/news.ts b/lib/routes/fortnite/news.ts
index a64faa80dc4d..2c2fad0058fe 100644
--- a/lib/routes/fortnite/news.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/fortnite/news.ts
@@ -40,14 +40,13 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const apiUrl = `https://www.fortnite.com/api/blog/getPosts?category=&postsPerPage=0&offset=0&locale=${language}&rootPageSlug=blog`;
 
     // Use Playwright instead of got, which may be blocked by anti-crawling scripts with response code 403.
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
 
-    // intercept all requests
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
     // only document is allowed
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
 
     // log manually (necessary for Playwright)
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     let data;
     try {
         const response = await page.goto(apiUrl, {
-            waitUntil: 'networkidle0',
+            waitUntil: 'networkidle',
         });
         if (!response) {
             throw new Error(`No response received from ${apiUrl}`);
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         data = await response.json();
     } finally {
         await page.close();
-        await browser.close();
+        await context.close();
     }
 
     const { blogList: list } = data;
diff --git a/lib/routes/gov/customs/list.ts b/lib/routes/gov/customs/list.ts
index 21ca8ee6891b..e177ce6fc76d 100644
--- a/lib/routes/gov/customs/list.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/gov/customs/list.ts
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             break;
     }
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
     const list = await cache.tryGet(
         link,
         async () => {
-            const response = await playwrightGet(link, browser);
+            const response = await playwrightGet(link, context);
             const $ = load(response);
             const list = $('[class^="conList_ul"] li')
                 .toArray()
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
                 if (info.link.endsWith('.pdf') || info.link.endsWith('.doc')) {
                     return info;
                 }
-                const response = await playwrightGet(info.link, browser);
+                const response = await playwrightGet(info.link, context);
                 const $ = load(response);
                 let date;
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         )
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: `中国海关-${channelName}`,
diff --git a/lib/routes/gov/customs/utils.ts b/lib/routes/gov/customs/utils.ts
index 798cdf0225d1..9a2d92359f13 100644
--- a/lib/routes/gov/customs/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/gov/customs/utils.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 const host = 'http://www.customs.gov.cn';
 
-const playwrightGet = async (url, browser) => {
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
+const playwrightGet = async (url, context) => {
+    const page = await context.newPage();
     await page.setExtraHTTPHeaders({ referer: host });
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(url, {
         waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
diff --git a/lib/routes/gov/hangzhou/zjzwfw.ts b/lib/routes/gov/hangzhou/zjzwfw.ts
index 24a01b5c0725..949c9ac27e14 100644
--- a/lib/routes/gov/hangzhou/zjzwfw.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/gov/hangzhou/zjzwfw.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 import logger from '@/utils/logger';
 
-export async function crawler(item: any, browser: any): Promise<string> {
+export async function crawler(item: any, context: any): Promise<string> {
     try {
         let response = '';
-        const page = await browser.newPage();
-        await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-        page.on('request', (request) => {
+        const page = await context.newPage();
+        await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+            const request = route.request();
             const resourceType = request.resourceType();
             if (['document', 'script', 'stylesheet', 'xhr'].includes(resourceType)) {
-                request.continue();
+                route.continue();
             } else {
-                request.abort();
+                route.abort();
             }
         });
         await page.goto(item.link, {
-            waitUntil: 'networkidle0',
+            waitUntil: 'networkidle',
             timeout: 29000,
         });
         const selector = '.item-left .item .title .button';
diff --git a/lib/routes/gov/hangzhou/zwfw.tsx b/lib/routes/gov/hangzhou/zwfw.tsx
index 224d7e5555a9..f5cd4cdfe64f 100644
--- a/lib/routes/gov/hangzhou/zwfw.tsx
+++ b/lib/routes/gov/hangzhou/zwfw.tsx
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ async function handler() {
     const host = 'https://www.hangzhou.gov.cn/col/col1256349/index.html';
     const response = await ofetch(host);
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
     const link = host;
     const formatted = response
         .replace('<script type="text/xml">', '')
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ async function handler() {
                 const host = new URL(item.link).hostname;
                 if (host === 'www.zjzwfw.gov.cn') {
                     // 来源为浙江政务服务网
-                    const content = await crawler(item, browser);
+                    const content = await crawler(item, context);
                     const $ = load(content);
                     item.description = renderDescription(analyzer($('.item-left .item .bg_box')));
                     item.author = '浙江政务服务网';
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ async function handler() {
         )
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
     return {
         allowEmpty: true,
         title: '杭州市人民政府-政务服务公开',
diff --git a/lib/routes/gov/pbc/goutongjiaoliu.ts b/lib/routes/gov/pbc/goutongjiaoliu.ts
index c87ecd3e8fe7..b2e9a3cb0429 100644
--- a/lib/routes/gov/pbc/goutongjiaoliu.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/gov/pbc/goutongjiaoliu.ts
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ export const route: Route = {
 async function handler() {
     const link = 'http://www.pbc.gov.cn/goutongjiaoliu/113456/113469/index.html';
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(link, {
         waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ async function handler() {
     const items = await Promise.all(
         list.map((item) =>
             cache.tryGet(item.link, async () => {
-                const detailPage = await browser.newPage();
-                await detailPage.setRequestInterception(true);
-                detailPage.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                const detailPage = await context.newPage();
+                await detailPage.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
                 await detailPage.goto(item.link, {
                     waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ async function handler() {
         )
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: '中国人民银行 - 沟通交流',
diff --git a/lib/routes/gov/pbc/trade-announcement.ts b/lib/routes/gov/pbc/trade-announcement.ts
index fbefde745579..8e0545686553 100644
--- a/lib/routes/gov/pbc/trade-announcement.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/gov/pbc/trade-announcement.ts
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ export const route: Route = {
 async function handler() {
     const link = 'http://www.pbc.gov.cn/zhengcehuobisi/125207/125213/125431/125475/index.html';
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(link, {
         waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ async function handler() {
     const items = await Promise.all(
         list.map((item) =>
             cache.tryGet(item.link, async () => {
-                const detailPage = await browser.newPage();
-                await detailPage.setRequestInterception(true);
-                detailPage.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                const detailPage = await context.newPage();
+                await detailPage.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
                 await detailPage.goto(item.link, {
                     waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ async function handler() {
         )
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: '中国人民银行 - 货币政策司公开市场交易公告',
diff --git a/lib/routes/hitcon/zeroday.tsx b/lib/routes/hitcon/zeroday.tsx
index f6c579a0aecf..6979fcb4dff0 100644
--- a/lib/routes/hitcon/zeroday.tsx
+++ b/lib/routes/hitcon/zeroday.tsx
@@ -46,12 +46,11 @@ async function handler(ctx: Context): Promise<Data> {
         url += `/${status}`;
     }
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
 
     logger.http(`Requesting ${url}`);
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ async function handler(ctx: Context): Promise<Data> {
     });
 
     const response = await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.innerHTML);
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const $ = load(response);
     const items: DataItem[] = $('.zdui-strip-list>li')
diff --git a/lib/routes/hkushop/vinyl-or-picture-lp.ts b/lib/routes/hkushop/vinyl-or-picture-lp.ts
index 0f80c6f6ee8a..070eff757997 100644
--- a/lib/routes/hkushop/vinyl-or-picture-lp.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/hkushop/vinyl-or-picture-lp.ts
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const cat = ctx.req.param('cat') ?? '';
     const url = cat ? `${baseUrl}/vinyl-or-picture-lp.html?cat=${cat}` : `${baseUrl}/vinyl-or-picture-lp.html`;
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(url, {
         waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
 
     const response = await page.content();
     await page.close();
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const $ = load(response);
 
diff --git a/lib/routes/hottoys/index.ts b/lib/routes/hottoys/index.ts
index 5684067c9822..cb25abf140e2 100644
--- a/lib/routes/hottoys/index.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/hottoys/index.ts
@@ -25,15 +25,14 @@ async function handler() {
     const baseUrl = 'https://www.hottoys.com.hk';
 
     // 导入 Playwright 工具类并初始化浏览器实例
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
     // 打开一个新标签页
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
     // 拦截所有请求
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
         // 在这次例子，我们只允许 HTML 请求
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
 
     await page.goto(baseUrl, {
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ async function handler() {
                 guid: a.attr('href'),
             };
         });
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
     return {
         title: 'Hot Toys New Products',
         link: baseUrl,
diff --git a/lib/routes/ielts/index.ts b/lib/routes/ielts/index.ts
index 6a347c3af307..22c678907d95 100644
--- a/lib/routes/ielts/index.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/ielts/index.ts
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ async function handler() {
     const html = await cache.tryGet(
         targetUrl,
         async () => {
-            const browser = await playwright();
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const context = await playwright();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             await page.goto(targetUrl, {
                 waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ async function handler() {
             await page.waitForSelector('div.container');
 
             const html = await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.innerHTML);
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
             return html;
         },
         config.cache.routeExpire,
diff --git a/lib/routes/iqiyi/video.ts b/lib/routes/iqiyi/video.ts
index f30d3a5a44da..c09df521b8ff 100644
--- a/lib/routes/iqiyi/video.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/iqiyi/video.ts
@@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const link = `https://www.iqiyi.com/u/${uid}/videos`;
 
     // Use Playwright because iqiyi page has a delay.
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
     const data = await cache.tryGet(
         link,
         async () => {
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             logger.http(`Requesting ${link}`);
             await page.goto(link, {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         config.cache.routeExpire,
         false
     );
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return data;
 }
diff --git a/lib/routes/iwara/ranking.ts b/lib/routes/iwara/ranking.ts
index fe2aef5abb10..42b66d6c2afc 100644
--- a/lib/routes/iwara/ranking.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/iwara/ranking.ts
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         async () => {
             const { page, destroy } = await getPlaywrightPage(url, {
                 onBeforeLoad: async (page) => {
-                    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                    page.on('request', (request) => {
-                        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' || request.resourceType() === 'fetch' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                        const request = route.request();
+                        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' || request.resourceType() === 'fetch' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                     });
                 },
                 gotoConfig: {
-                    waitUntil: 'networkidle0',
+                    waitUntil: 'networkidle',
                 },
             });
 
diff --git a/lib/routes/javdb/utils.ts b/lib/routes/javdb/utils.ts
index eaccdbef7c1a..9047b1099ff7 100644
--- a/lib/routes/javdb/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/javdb/utils.ts
@@ -18,18 +18,20 @@ const ProcessItems = async (ctx, currentUrl, title) => {
 
     const rootUrl = `https://${domain}`;
 
-    const { page, destroy, browser } = await getPlaywrightPage('about:blank');
+    const { page, destroy, context } = await getPlaywrightPage('about:blank');
     if (config.javdb.session) {
-        await browser.setCookie({
-            name: '_jdb_session',
-            value: config.javdb.session,
-            domain,
-            path: '/',
-        });
+        await page.context().addCookies([
+            {
+                name: '_jdb_session',
+                value: config.javdb.session,
+                domain,
+                path: '/',
+            },
+        ]);
     }
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(url.href, {
         waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -56,10 +58,10 @@ const ProcessItems = async (ctx, currentUrl, title) => {
     items = await Promise.all(
         items.map((item) =>
             cache.tryGet(item.link, async () => {
-                const page = await browser.newPage();
-                await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                page.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                const page = await context.newPage();
+                await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
                 logger.http(`Requesting ${item.link}`);
                 await page.goto(item.link, {
diff --git a/lib/routes/javtrailers/casts.ts b/lib/routes/javtrailers/casts.ts
index 4c9898fdfacc..4847f157187c 100644
--- a/lib/routes/javtrailers/casts.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/javtrailers/casts.ts
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ export const route: Route = {
 async function handler(ctx) {
     const { cast } = ctx.req.param();
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const response = await playwrightFetch(`${baseUrl}/api/casts/${cast}?page=0`, browser);
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const response = await playwrightFetch(`${baseUrl}/api/casts/${cast}?page=0`, context);
 
     const list = parseList(response.videos);
 
-    const items = await Promise.all(list.map((item) => cache.tryGet(item.link, () => getItem(item, browser))));
+    const items = await Promise.all(list.map((item) => cache.tryGet(item.link, () => getItem(item, context))));
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: `Watch ${response.cast.name} Jav Online | Japanese Adult Video - JavTrailers.com`,
diff --git a/lib/routes/javtrailers/categories.ts b/lib/routes/javtrailers/categories.ts
index 6af04769ddee..19323c3782af 100644
--- a/lib/routes/javtrailers/categories.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/javtrailers/categories.ts
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ export const route: Route = {
 async function handler(ctx) {
     const { category } = ctx.req.param();
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const response = await playwrightFetch(`${baseUrl}/api/categories/${category}?page=0`, browser);
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const response = await playwrightFetch(`${baseUrl}/api/categories/${category}?page=0`, context);
 
     const list = parseList(response.videos);
 
-    const items = await Promise.all(list.map((item) => cache.tryGet(item.link, () => getItem(item, browser))));
+    const items = await Promise.all(list.map((item) => cache.tryGet(item.link, () => getItem(item, context))));
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: `Watch ${response.category.name} Jav Online | Japanese Adult Video - JavTrailers.com`,
diff --git a/lib/routes/javtrailers/studios.ts b/lib/routes/javtrailers/studios.ts
index 7c28bf31e0ea..82226adc95d6 100644
--- a/lib/routes/javtrailers/studios.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/javtrailers/studios.ts
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ export const route: Route = {
 async function handler(ctx) {
     const { studio } = ctx.req.param();
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const response = await playwrightFetch(`${baseUrl}/api/studios/${studio}?page=0`, browser);
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const response = await playwrightFetch(`${baseUrl}/api/studios/${studio}?page=0`, context);
 
     const list = parseList(response.videos);
 
-    const items = await Promise.all(list.map((item) => cache.tryGet(item.link, () => getItem(item, browser))));
+    const items = await Promise.all(list.map((item) => cache.tryGet(item.link, () => getItem(item, context))));
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: `${response.studio.hotDvdIds?.join(' ') ?? response.studio.name} Jav Online | Japanese Adult Video - JavTrailers.com`,
diff --git a/lib/routes/javtrailers/utils.ts b/lib/routes/javtrailers/utils.ts
index 5ddea1f3133f..515e69e4e552 100644
--- a/lib/routes/javtrailers/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/javtrailers/utils.ts
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ export const parseList = (videos) =>
         contentId: item.contentId,
     }));
 
-export const playwrightFetch = async (url: string, browser) => {
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
+export const playwrightFetch = async (url: string, context) => {
+    const page = await context.newPage();
     await page.setExtraHTTPHeaders(headers);
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
 
     logger.http(`Requesting ${url}`);
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ export const playwrightFetch = async (url: string, browser) => {
     return response;
 };
 
-export const getItem = async (item, browser) => {
-    const response = await playwrightFetch(`${baseUrl}/api/video/${item.contentId}`, browser);
+export const getItem = async (item, context) => {
+    const response = await playwrightFetch(`${baseUrl}/api/video/${item.contentId}`, context);
 
     const videoInfo: Video = response.video;
     videoInfo.gallery = hdGallery(videoInfo.gallery);
diff --git a/lib/routes/kuaishou/profile.ts b/lib/routes/kuaishou/profile.ts
index cfd25b5fcfd3..3c452c8633ba 100644
--- a/lib/routes/kuaishou/profile.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/kuaishou/profile.ts
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ The profile page of the user, which contains the user's information, videos, and
 
 async function handler(ctx) {
     const { principalId } = ctx.req.param();
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
 
     let retryCount = 0;
     let resolve;
@@ -34,13 +34,12 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const promise = new Promise((res) => {
         resolve = res;
     });
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (req) => {
-        const resourceType = req.resourceType();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const resourceType = route.request().resourceType();
         if (resourceType === 'image' || resourceType === 'media' || resourceType === 'font' || resourceType === 'stylesheet' || resourceType === 'ping') {
-            req.abort();
+            route.abort();
         } else {
-            req.continue();
+            route.continue();
         }
     });
     page.on('response', async (res) => {
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     await page.goto(`https://live.kuaishou.com/profile/${principalId}`);
     const resData = (await promise.catch((error) => error)) as any[];
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
     const data: Data = {
         title: userInfo?.name ?? `${principalId}的作品 - 快手`,
         // description: JSON.stringify(resData),
diff --git a/lib/routes/linkedin/posts.ts b/lib/routes/linkedin/posts.ts
index 7dd01b650fe5..e132e54ade5f 100644
--- a/lib/routes/linkedin/posts.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/linkedin/posts.ts
@@ -27,12 +27,11 @@ export const route: Route = {
         const company_id = ctx.req.param('company_id');
 
         // Puppeteer setup
-        const browser = await playwright();
-        const page = await browser.newPage();
-        await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-
-        page.on('request', (request) => {
-            request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+        const context = await playwright();
+        const page = await context.newPage();
+        await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+            const request = route.request();
+            request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
         });
 
         const url = new URL(`${BASE_URL}/company/${company_id}`);
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ export const route: Route = {
         const companyName = parseCompanyName($);
         const posts = parseCompanyPosts($);
 
-        await browser.close();
+        await context.close();
 
         return {
             title: `LinkedIn - ${companyName}'s Posts`,
diff --git a/lib/routes/missav/new.tsx b/lib/routes/missav/new.tsx
index c024955b1d5b..c1c17a61e1e0 100644
--- a/lib/routes/missav/new.tsx
+++ b/lib/routes/missav/new.tsx
@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ async function handler() {
     const baseUrl = 'https://missav.ws';
     const url = `${baseUrl}/${urlPath}`;
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(url, {
         waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
     });
     const response = await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.innerHTML);
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     // const response = await ofetch(`${baseUrl}/dm397/new`, {
     //     headers: {
diff --git a/lib/routes/nhentai/util.tsx b/lib/routes/nhentai/util.tsx
index aa953f25bea3..dd5ccf4869bd 100644
--- a/lib/routes/nhentai/util.tsx
+++ b/lib/routes/nhentai/util.tsx
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ const fetchPage = async (url: string): Promise<string> => {
             const { page, destroy } = await getPlaywrightPage(url, {
                 onBeforeLoad: async (page) => {
                     const allowedTypes = new Set(['document', 'script', 'xhr', 'fetch']);
-                    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                    page.on('request', (request) => {
-                        allowedTypes.has(request.resourceType()) ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                        const request = route.request();
+                        allowedTypes.has(request.resourceType()) ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                     });
                 },
             });
diff --git a/lib/routes/njust/utils.ts b/lib/routes/njust/utils.ts
index 7db782c84fde..ee5752b4e93f 100644
--- a/lib/routes/njust/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/njust/utils.ts
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ import playwright from '@/utils/playwright';
 
 async function getContent(url, pptr = false) {
     if (pptr) {
-        const browser = await playwright();
+        const context = await playwright();
         try {
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
             // 更改 window.navigator.webdriver 值以避开反爬
             // await page.evaluateOnNewDocument(() => {
             //     // eslint-disable-next-line no-undef
@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@ async function getContent(url, pptr = false) {
             //         get: () => undefined,
             //     });
             // });
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             await page.goto(url, {
-                waitUntil: 'networkidle0',
+                waitUntil: 'networkidle',
             });
             const content = await page.content();
             return content;
         } finally {
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
         }
     } else {
         const response = await got(url);
diff --git a/lib/routes/nuaa/utils/pypasswaf.ts b/lib/routes/nuaa/utils/pypasswaf.ts
index ca34af3458e7..929e91461217 100644
--- a/lib/routes/nuaa/utils/pypasswaf.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/nuaa/utils/pypasswaf.ts
@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ import { getCookies } from '@/utils/playwright-utils';
  * @desc 返回一个可用的cookie，使用 `got` 发起请求的时候，传入到`options.headers.cookie`即可
  */
 export default async function getCookie(host) {
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
 
     await page.goto(host, {
-        waitUntil: 'networkidle0',
+        waitUntil: 'networkidle',
     });
 
     const cookie = await getCookies(page);
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
     return cookie;
 }
diff --git a/lib/routes/nytimes/index.ts b/lib/routes/nytimes/index.ts
index 99d042f27ffa..c5ae1a8b5167 100644
--- a/lib/routes/nytimes/index.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/nytimes/index.ts
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         // Do nothing
     }
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
     const feed = await parser.parseURL(rssUrl);
     const items = await Promise.all(
         feed.items.splice(0, 10).map(async (item) => {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
                         hasEnVersion = true;
                         link = $('.dual-btn a').last().attr().href;
 
-                        response = await utils.PuppeterGetter(ctx, browser, link);
+                        response = await utils.PuppeterGetter(ctx, context, link);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         })
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title,
diff --git a/lib/routes/nytimes/utils.ts b/lib/routes/nytimes/utils.ts
index 2db5209d5139..58b173906efd 100644
--- a/lib/routes/nytimes/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/nytimes/utils.ts
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ const ProcessImage = ($, e) => {
     return cover;
 };
 
-const PuppeterGetter = async (ctx, browser, link) => {
+const PuppeterGetter = async (ctx, context, link) => {
     const result = await cache.tryGet(`nyt: ${link}`, async () => {
-        const page = await browser.newPage();
-        await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-        page.on('request', (request) => {
-            request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+        const page = await context.newPage();
+        await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+            const request = route.request();
+            request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
         });
         await page.goto(link, {
             waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
diff --git a/lib/routes/oceanengine/arithmetic-index.tsx b/lib/routes/oceanengine/arithmetic-index.tsx
index 0f57e9497f43..bb5357dbd975 100644
--- a/lib/routes/oceanengine/arithmetic-index.tsx
+++ b/lib/routes/oceanengine/arithmetic-index.tsx
@@ -111,15 +111,15 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const item = await cache.tryGet(
         link,
         async () => {
-            const browser = await playwright();
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const context = await playwright();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             await page.goto('https://trendinsight.oceanengine.com/arithmetic-index');
             const res = await getMultiKeywordHotTrend(page, keyword, start_date, end_date, channel);
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
 
             const rawData = JSON.parse(res).data;
             const data = decrypt(rawData).hot_list[0];
diff --git a/lib/routes/parliament.uk/commonslibrary.ts b/lib/routes/parliament.uk/commonslibrary.ts
index 1981f4eb2707..5d8dd7c2e741 100644
--- a/lib/routes/parliament.uk/commonslibrary.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/parliament.uk/commonslibrary.ts
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const { topic } = ctx.req.param();
     const baseUrl = 'https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk';
     const url = `${baseUrl}/type/${topic}/`;
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(url, {
         waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             description: $(article).find('p').last().text().trim(),
             pubDate: timezone($(article).find('.card__date time').attr('datetime')),
         }));
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
     return {
         title: `parliament - lordslibrary - ${topic}`,
         link: url,
diff --git a/lib/routes/parliament.uk/lordslibrary.ts b/lib/routes/parliament.uk/lordslibrary.ts
index 8f548d297a5b..17e2c4ed09a9 100644
--- a/lib/routes/parliament.uk/lordslibrary.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/parliament.uk/lordslibrary.ts
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const { topic } = ctx.req.param();
     const baseUrl = 'https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk';
     const url = `${baseUrl}/type/${topic}/`;
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(url, {
         waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             description: $(article).find('p').last().text().trim(),
             pubDate: timezone($(article).find('.card__date time').attr('datetime')),
         }));
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
     return {
         title: `parliament - lordslibrary - ${topic}`,
         link: url,
diff --git a/lib/routes/perplexity/blog.ts b/lib/routes/perplexity/blog.ts
index 64acdeaf5220..26d624bfd36e 100644
--- a/lib/routes/perplexity/blog.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/perplexity/blog.ts
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ async function handler(ctx: Context) {
     const limit = Number.parseInt(ctx.req.query('limit') ?? '20', 10);
     const rootUrl = 'https://www.perplexity.ai/hub';
 
-    const { page, destroy, browser } = await getPlaywrightPage(rootUrl, {
+    const { page, destroy, context } = await getPlaywrightPage(rootUrl, {
         onBeforeLoad: async (page) => {
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
         },
     });
@@ -112,11 +112,11 @@ async function handler(ctx: Context) {
             }
 
             return (await cache.tryGet(item.link, async () => {
-                const contentPage = await browser.newPage();
+                const contentPage = await context.newPage();
 
-                await contentPage.setRequestInterception(true);
-                contentPage.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                await contentPage.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
 
                 await contentPage.goto(item.link!, {
diff --git a/lib/routes/perplexity/changelog.ts b/lib/routes/perplexity/changelog.ts
index 2f0f0c6e1b11..9a46db9056f3 100644
--- a/lib/routes/perplexity/changelog.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/perplexity/changelog.ts
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ export const handler = async (ctx: Context): Promise<Data> => {
 
     logger.http(`Fetching Perplexity changelog from ${targetUrl}`);
 
-    const { page, destroy, browser } = await getPlaywrightPage(targetUrl, {
+    const { page, destroy, context } = await getPlaywrightPage(targetUrl, {
         onBeforeLoad: async (page) => {
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
         },
     });
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ export const handler = async (ctx: Context): Promise<Data> => {
                 logger.http(`Fetching full content for ${item.link!}`);
 
                 // Create a new page in the same browser session
-                const contentPage = await browser.newPage();
+                const contentPage = await context.newPage();
 
                 // Set request interception for this page
-                await contentPage.setRequestInterception(true);
-                contentPage.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                await contentPage.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
 
                 // Navigate to the item link
diff --git a/lib/routes/picnob/utils.ts b/lib/routes/picnob/utils.ts
index 496c7a8412d9..76609b70f2c1 100644
--- a/lib/routes/picnob/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/picnob/utils.ts
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ const playwrightGet = async (url) => {
     let data;
     const { destroy } = await getPlaywrightPage(url, {
         onBeforeLoad: async (page) => {
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             page.on('response', async (response) => {
                 data = await (response.request().url().includes('/api/posts') ? response.json() : response.text());
diff --git a/lib/routes/picuki/profile.ts b/lib/routes/picuki/profile.ts
index b556d54e3e35..b53e48f85726 100644
--- a/lib/routes/picuki/profile.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/picuki/profile.ts
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
                 const { page, destroy } = await getPlaywrightPage(profileUrl, {
                     onBeforeLoad: async (page) => {
                         const expectResourceTypes = new Set(['document', 'script', 'xhr', 'fetch']);
-                        await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                        page.on('request', (request) => {
-                            expectResourceTypes.has(request.resourceType()) ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                        await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                            const request = route.request();
+                            expectResourceTypes.has(request.resourceType()) ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                         });
                     },
                 });
diff --git a/lib/routes/pincong/utils.ts b/lib/routes/pincong/utils.ts
index 256aea609207..410dd018bfa5 100644
--- a/lib/routes/pincong/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/pincong/utils.ts
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ const baseUrl = 'https://pincong.rocks';
 
 const playwrightGet = (url, cache) =>
     cache.tryGet(url, async () => {
-        const browser = await playwright();
-        const page = await browser.newPage();
-        await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-        page.on('request', (request) => {
-            request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+        const context = await playwright();
+        const page = await context.newPage();
+        await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+            const request = route.request();
+            request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
         });
         await page.goto(url, {
             waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
         });
         const html = await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.innerHTML);
-        await browser.close();
+        await context.close();
         return html;
     });
 
diff --git a/lib/routes/pnas/index.tsx b/lib/routes/pnas/index.tsx
index 4c3e49097303..74d873b9bcd5 100644
--- a/lib/routes/pnas/index.tsx
+++ b/lib/routes/pnas/index.tsx
@@ -53,16 +53,16 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             };
         });
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
     const out = await Promise.all(
         list.map((item) =>
             cache.tryGet(item.link, async () => {
-                const page = await browser.newPage();
+                const page = await context.newPage();
                 await setCookies(page, await cookieJar.getCookieString(item.link), '.pnas.org');
-                await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                page.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
                 logger.http(`Requesting ${item.link}`);
                 await page.goto(item.link, {
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         )
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: `${$('.banner-widget__content h1').text()} - PNAS`,
diff --git a/lib/routes/researchgate/publications.ts b/lib/routes/researchgate/publications.ts
index 296640a034b3..094d1378a88d 100644
--- a/lib/routes/researchgate/publications.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/researchgate/publications.ts
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
 
     const rootUrl = 'https://www.researchgate.net';
     const currentUrl = `${rootUrl}/profile/${id}`;
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(currentUrl);
     const response = await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.innerHTML);
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const items = await Promise.all(
         list.map((item) =>
             cache.tryGet(item.link, async () => {
-                const page = await browser.newPage();
-                await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                page.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                const page = await context.newPage();
+                await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
                 await page.goto(item.link);
                 const detailResponse = await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.innerHTML);
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         )
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: `${$('meta[property="profile:username"]').attr('content')}'s Publications - ResearchGate`,
diff --git a/lib/routes/science/blogs.ts b/lib/routes/science/blogs.ts
index 37d64fcbbf98..4a729a2e79f0 100644
--- a/lib/routes/science/blogs.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/science/blogs.ts
@@ -40,12 +40,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const response = await cache.tryGet(
         link,
         async () => {
-            const browser = await playwright();
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const context = await playwright();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
 
             await page.goto(link, {
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             const response = await page.content();
 
             await page.close();
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
             return response;
         },
         config.cache.routeExpire,
diff --git a/lib/routes/science/current.ts b/lib/routes/science/current.ts
index 776fec9cf521..c4f189515993 100644
--- a/lib/routes/science/current.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/science/current.ts
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         .toArray()
         .map((item) => getItem(item, $));
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const items = await fetchDesc(list, browser, cache.tryGet);
-    await browser.close();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const items = await fetchDesc(list, context, cache.tryGet);
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: `${pageTitleName} | Current Issue`,
diff --git a/lib/routes/science/early.ts b/lib/routes/science/early.ts
index 8b299b255ef5..01dfa2c6e46c 100644
--- a/lib/routes/science/early.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/science/early.ts
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         .toArray()
         .map((item) => getItem(item, $));
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const items = await fetchDesc(list, browser, cache.tryGet);
-    await browser.close();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const items = await fetchDesc(list, context, cache.tryGet);
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: $('head title').text(),
diff --git a/lib/routes/science/utils.tsx b/lib/routes/science/utils.tsx
index 7489961e8d4d..c4bad36317a3 100644
--- a/lib/routes/science/utils.tsx
+++ b/lib/routes/science/utils.tsx
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ import { parseDate } from '@/utils/parse-date';
 
 const baseUrl = 'https://www.science.org';
 
-const fetchDesc = (list, browser, tryGet) =>
+const fetchDesc = (list, context, tryGet) =>
     Promise.all(
         list.map((item) =>
             tryGet(item.link, async () => {
-                const page = await browser.newPage();
-                await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                page.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                const page = await context.newPage();
+                await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
 
                 await page.goto(item.link, {
diff --git a/lib/routes/sotwe/user.ts b/lib/routes/sotwe/user.ts
index 3507d7fad535..bf8e1c1bd21c 100644
--- a/lib/routes/sotwe/user.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/sotwe/user.ts
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const data = await cache.tryGet(
         `sotwe:user:${id}`,
         async () => {
-            const browser = await playwright();
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                ['document', 'script', 'xhr', 'fetch'].includes(request.resourceType()) ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const context = await playwright();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                ['document', 'script', 'xhr', 'fetch'].includes(request.resourceType()) ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             const apiUrl = `${baseUrl}/api/v3/user/${id}/`;
             logger.http(`Requesting ${apiUrl}`);
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             });
             const response = await page.evaluate(() => document.documentElement.textContent);
             await page.close();
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
 
             return JSON.parse(response || '{}');
         },
diff --git a/lib/routes/spankbang/new-videos.tsx b/lib/routes/spankbang/new-videos.tsx
index 8e54c60e97a8..65f0fab99612 100644
--- a/lib/routes/spankbang/new-videos.tsx
+++ b/lib/routes/spankbang/new-videos.tsx
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ const handler = async () => {
     const baseUrl = 'https://spankbang.com';
     const link = `${baseUrl}/new_videos/`;
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
     const data = await cache.tryGet(
         link,
         async () => {
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             logger.http(`Requesting ${link}`);
             await page.goto(link, {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ const handler = async () => {
         false
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: data.title,
diff --git a/lib/routes/tiktok/user.ts b/lib/routes/tiktok/user.ts
index 5d12b229fcca..3319e89f44ed 100644
--- a/lib/routes/tiktok/user.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/tiktok/user.ts
@@ -43,12 +43,12 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const data = await cache.tryGet(
         `tiktok:user:${user}`,
         async () => {
-            const browser = await playwright();
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
+            const context = await playwright();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
             let itemList = { itemList: [] };
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                ['document', 'script', 'xhr', 'fetch'].includes(request.resourceType()) ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                ['document', 'script', 'xhr', 'fetch'].includes(request.resourceType()) ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             page.on('response', async (response) => {
                 const request = response.request();
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
                 }
             });
             await page.goto(`${baseUrl}/${user}`, {
-                waitUntil: 'networkidle0',
+                waitUntil: 'networkidle',
             });
 
             const pageHtml = await page.content();
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
 
             const $ = load(pageHtml);
             const rehydrationData = JSON.parse($('script#__UNIVERSAL_DATA_FOR_REHYDRATION__').text());
diff --git a/lib/routes/twitter/api/web-api/login.ts b/lib/routes/twitter/api/web-api/login.ts
index e3e001b76af7..9667ac691871 100644
--- a/lib/routes/twitter/api/web-api/login.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/twitter/api/web-api/login.ts
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ async function login({ username, password, authenticationSecret }) {
         await loginLimiterQueue.removeTokens(1);
 
         const cookieJar = new CookieJar();
-        const browser = await playwright();
-        const page = await browser.newPage();
+        const context = await playwright();
+        const page = await context.newPage();
         await page.goto('https://x.com/i/flow/login');
         await page.waitForSelector('input[autocomplete="username"]');
         await page.type('input[autocomplete="username"]', username);
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ async function login({ username, password, authenticationSecret }) {
                         logger.error(`twitter debug: twitter username ${username} login failed: messageprompt-suspended-prompt`);
                         resolve('');
                     }
-                    const cookies = await page.cookies();
+                    const cookies = await page.context().cookies();
                     for (const cookie of cookies) {
                         cookieJar.setCookieSync(`${cookie.name}=${cookie.value}`, 'https://x.com');
                     }
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ async function login({ username, password, authenticationSecret }) {
             });
         });
         const cookieString = await waitForRequest;
-        await browser.close();
+        await context.close();
         return cookieString;
     } catch (error) {
         logger.error(`twitter debug: twitter username ${username} login failed:`, error);
diff --git a/lib/routes/uchicago/current.ts b/lib/routes/uchicago/current.ts
index d0f0595f17e7..195ddc7093a6 100644
--- a/lib/routes/uchicago/current.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/uchicago/current.ts
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const baseUrl = 'https://www.journals.uchicago.edu';
     const link = `${baseUrl}/toc/${journal}/current`;
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     logger.http(`Requesting ${link}`);
     await page.goto(link, {
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const items = await Promise.all(
         list.map((item) =>
             cache.tryGet(item.link, async () => {
-                const page = await browser.newPage();
+                const page = await context.newPage();
                 await setCookies(page, cookies, 'journals.uchicago.edu');
-                await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                page.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
                 logger.http(`Requesting ${item.link}`);
                 await page.goto(item.link, {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         )
     );
 
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     return {
         title: $('head title').text(),
diff --git a/lib/routes/uestc/auto.ts b/lib/routes/uestc/auto.ts
index 2b861f3760f1..2c51d1e23ffb 100644
--- a/lib/routes/uestc/auto.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/uestc/auto.ts
@@ -32,17 +32,17 @@ export const route: Route = {
 };
 
 async function handler() {
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(baseIndexUrl, {
-        waitUntil: 'networkidle2',
+        waitUntil: 'networkidle',
     });
     const content = await page.content();
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const $ = load(content);
 
diff --git a/lib/routes/uestc/cqe.ts b/lib/routes/uestc/cqe.ts
index 4ba17e54f545..ab9220c8ac75 100644
--- a/lib/routes/uestc/cqe.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/uestc/cqe.ts
@@ -52,17 +52,17 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         throw new InvalidParameterError('type not supported');
     }
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(baseUrl + pageUrl, {
-        waitUntil: 'networkidle2',
+        waitUntil: 'networkidle',
     });
     const content = await page.content();
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const $ = load(content);
 
diff --git a/lib/routes/uestc/scse.ts b/lib/routes/uestc/scse.ts
index d50a94507b36..f1b581d244a1 100644
--- a/lib/routes/uestc/scse.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/uestc/scse.ts
@@ -46,17 +46,17 @@ export const route: Route = {
 };
 
 async function handler() {
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(baseIndexUrl, {
-        waitUntil: 'networkidle2',
+        waitUntil: 'networkidle',
     });
     const content = await page.content();
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const $ = load(content);
 
diff --git a/lib/routes/uestc/sice.ts b/lib/routes/uestc/sice.ts
index 664b0decf091..7aadfc96f61b 100644
--- a/lib/routes/uestc/sice.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/uestc/sice.ts
@@ -33,17 +33,17 @@ export const route: Route = {
 };
 
 async function handler() {
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(baseIndexUrl, {
-        waitUntil: 'networkidle2',
+        waitUntil: 'networkidle',
     });
     const content = await page.content();
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const $ = load(content);
 
diff --git a/lib/routes/uestc/sise.ts b/lib/routes/uestc/sise.ts
index 688db6c63f52..8209fe36706c 100644
--- a/lib/routes/uestc/sise.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/uestc/sise.ts
@@ -67,17 +67,17 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         throw new InvalidParameterError('type not supported');
     }
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     await page.goto(baseUrl, {
-        waitUntil: 'networkidle2',
+        waitUntil: 'networkidle',
     });
     const content = await page.content();
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const $ = load(content);
 
diff --git a/lib/routes/ups/track.ts b/lib/routes/ups/track.ts
index 5421c6d30dde..0ad7950862b0 100644
--- a/lib/routes/ups/track.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/ups/track.ts
@@ -26,17 +26,15 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const { trackingNumber } = ctx.req.param();
     const url = `https://www.ups.com/track?loc=en_US&tracknum=${trackingNumber}`;
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
+    const context = await playwright();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
 
     // skip loading images, stylesheets, and fonts
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        if (['image', 'stylesheet', 'font', 'ping', 'fetch'].includes(request.resourceType())) {
-            request.abort();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        if (['image', 'stylesheet', 'font', 'ping', 'fetch'].includes(route.request().resourceType())) {
+            route.abort();
         } else {
-            request.continue();
+            route.continue();
         }
     });
 
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     await page.waitForSelector('tr[id^="stApp_activitydetails_row"]');
 
     const content = await page.content();
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const $ = load(content);
 
diff --git a/lib/routes/uraaka-joshi/uraaka-joshi-user.ts b/lib/routes/uraaka-joshi/uraaka-joshi-user.ts
index 799a3b8ad8c4..18468a403c4a 100644
--- a/lib/routes/uraaka-joshi/uraaka-joshi-user.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/uraaka-joshi/uraaka-joshi-user.ts
@@ -38,14 +38,18 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const response = await cache.tryGet(
         link,
         async () => {
-            const browser = await playwright();
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'fetch' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const context = await playwright();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'fetch' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             page.on('requestfinished', async (request) => {
-                if (request.url() === link && request.response().status() === 403) {
+                if (request.url() !== link) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                const response = await request.response();
+                if (response?.status() === 403) {
                     await page.close();
                 }
             });
@@ -63,7 +67,7 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             } catch {
                 throw new Error('Access denied (403)');
             }
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
             return html;
         },
         config.cache.routeExpire,
diff --git a/lib/routes/uraaka-joshi/uraaka-joshi.ts b/lib/routes/uraaka-joshi/uraaka-joshi.ts
index e2e2df4bd246..615c6e621a27 100644
--- a/lib/routes/uraaka-joshi/uraaka-joshi.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/uraaka-joshi/uraaka-joshi.ts
@@ -25,15 +25,19 @@ async function handler() {
     const link = 'https://www.uraaka-joshi.com/';
     const title = '裏垢女子まとめ';
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
 
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
-    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-    page.on('request', (request) => {
-        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'fetch' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
+    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+        const request = route.request();
+        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'fetch' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
     });
     page.on('requestfinished', async (request) => {
-        if (request.url() === link && request.response().status() === 403) {
+        if (request.url() !== link) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const response = await request.response();
+        if (response?.status() === 403) {
             await page.close();
         }
     });
@@ -53,7 +57,7 @@ async function handler() {
     } catch {
         throw new Error('Access denied (403)');
     }
-    await browser.close();
+    await context.close();
 
     const $ = load(html);
     const list = $('.grid-cell');
diff --git a/lib/routes/weibo/utils.ts b/lib/routes/weibo/utils.ts
index c4df2ea2fd19..ffe2772c5b5e 100644
--- a/lib/routes/weibo/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/weibo/utils.ts
@@ -83,22 +83,21 @@ const weiboUtils = {
                 const { page, destroy } = await getPlaywrightPage(url, {
                     onBeforeLoad: async (page) => {
                         const expectResourceTypes = new Set(['document', 'script', 'xhr', 'fetch']);
-                        await page.setUserAgent(weiboUtils.apiHeaders['User-Agent']);
-                        await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                        page.on('request', (request) => {
+                        await page.setExtraHTTPHeaders({ 'User-Agent': weiboUtils.apiHeaders['User-Agent'] });
+                        await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                            const request = route.request();
                             // 1st: initial request, 302 to visitor.passport.weibo.cn; 2nd: auth ok
                             if (!expectResourceTypes.has(request.resourceType()) || times >= 2) {
-                                request.abort();
+                                route.abort();
                                 return;
                             }
                             if (request.url().startsWith(url)) {
                                 times++;
                             }
-                            request.continue();
+                            route.continue();
                         });
                     },
-                    // networkidle2 returns too early if the connection is slow
-                    gotoConfig: { waitUntil: 'networkidle0' },
+                    gotoConfig: { waitUntil: 'networkidle' },
                 });
                 const cookies: string = await getCookies(page, 'weibo.cn');
                 await destroy();
diff --git a/lib/routes/xiaohongshu/util.ts b/lib/routes/xiaohongshu/util.ts
index 29d2573e936c..5de45e5be0a8 100644
--- a/lib/routes/xiaohongshu/util.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/xiaohongshu/util.ts
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ const getUser = (url, cache) =>
             // Use Playwright
             const { page, destroy } = await getPlaywrightPage(url, {
                 onBeforeLoad: async (page) => {
-                    await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                    page.on('request', (request) => {
-                        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' || request.resourceType() === 'other' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                    await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                        const request = route.request();
+                        request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' || request.resourceType() === 'other' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                     });
                 },
             });
@@ -128,12 +128,12 @@ const getBoard = (url, cache) =>
             }
 
             // Use Playwright
-            const browser = await playwright();
+            const context = await playwright();
             try {
-                const page = await browser.newPage();
-                await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                page.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+                const page = await context.newPage();
+                await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                    const request = route.request();
+                    request.resourceType() === 'document' || request.resourceType() === 'script' || request.resourceType() === 'xhr' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
                 });
                 logger.http(`Requesting ${url}`);
                 await page.goto(url);
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ const getBoard = (url, cache) =>
                 const initialSsrState = await page.evaluate(() => (window as any).__INITIAL_SSR_STATE__);
                 return initialSsrState.Main;
             } finally {
-                await browser.close();
+                await context.close();
             }
         },
         config.cache.routeExpire,
diff --git a/lib/routes/xsijishe/rank.ts b/lib/routes/xsijishe/rank.ts
index 0248c9b6d2e9..994e9b9fb058 100644
--- a/lib/routes/xsijishe/rank.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/xsijishe/rank.ts
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
         throw new InvalidParameterError('Invalid rank type');
     }
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
     const url = `${baseUrl}/portal.php`;
     try {
-        const data = await playwrightGet(url, browser, '.nex_recon_lists', {
+        const data = await playwrightGet(url, context, '.nex_recon_lists', {
             cookie: config.xsijishe.cookie,
             userAgent: config.xsijishe.userAgent,
         });
@@ -97,6 +97,6 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             item: items,
         };
     } finally {
-        await browser.close();
+        await context.close();
     }
 }
diff --git a/lib/routes/xsijishe/utils.ts b/lib/routes/xsijishe/utils.ts
index f74a47a772aa..f7123906e9c2 100644
--- a/lib/routes/xsijishe/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/xsijishe/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import type { Browser } from '@/utils/playwright';
+import type { BrowserContext } from 'playwright-core';
+
 import { setCookies } from '@/utils/playwright-utils';
 
 interface PlaywrightGetOptions {
@@ -7,21 +8,21 @@ interface PlaywrightGetOptions {
     userAgent?: string;
 }
 
-const playwrightGet = async (url: string, browser: Browser, waitForSelector = '.t_f', options: PlaywrightGetOptions = {}) => {
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
+const playwrightGet = async (url: string, context: BrowserContext, waitForSelector = '.t_f', options: PlaywrightGetOptions = {}) => {
+    const page = await context.newPage();
     const expectResourceTypes = new Set(['document', 'script']);
     try {
         if (options.userAgent) {
-            await page.setUserAgent(options.userAgent);
+            await page.setExtraHTTPHeaders({ 'User-Agent': options.userAgent });
         }
 
         if (options.cookie) {
             await setCookies(page, options.cookie, 'xsijishe.com');
         }
 
-        await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-        page.on('request', (request) => {
-            expectResourceTypes.has(request.resourceType()) ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+        await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+            const request = route.request();
+            expectResourceTypes.has(request.resourceType()) ? route.continue() : route.abort();
         });
         await page.goto(url, {
             waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
diff --git a/lib/routes/xueqiu/cookies.ts b/lib/routes/xueqiu/cookies.ts
index 076310122616..dfb5c882886c 100644
--- a/lib/routes/xueqiu/cookies.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/xueqiu/cookies.ts
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ export const parseToken = (link: string) =>
     cache.tryGet(
         'xueqiu:token',
         async () => {
-            const browser = await playwright();
-            const page = await browser.newPage();
-            await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-            page.on('request', (request) => {
-                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
+            const context = await playwright();
+            const page = await context.newPage();
+            await page.route('**/*', (route) => {
+                const request = route.request();
+                request.resourceType() === 'document' ? route.continue() : route.abort();
             });
             await page.goto(link, {
                 waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
diff --git a/lib/routes/xueqiu/user.ts b/lib/routes/xueqiu/user.ts
index 5b111f133908..a344d8b064a8 100644
--- a/lib/routes/xueqiu/user.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/xueqiu/user.ts
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
     const link = `${rootUrl}/u/${id}`;
     const token = await parseToken(link);
 
-    const browser = await playwright();
+    const context = await playwright();
     try {
-        const mainPage = await browser.newPage();
+        const mainPage = await context.newPage();
 
         await mainPage.setExtraHTTPHeaders({
             Cookie: token as string,
@@ -161,6 +161,6 @@ async function handler(ctx) {
             item: items,
         };
     } finally {
-        await browser.close();
+        await context.close();
     }
 }
diff --git a/lib/shims/node-child-process.ts b/lib/shims/node-child-process.ts
index a88488997640..dae686f59d1f 100644
--- a/lib/shims/node-child-process.ts
+++ b/lib/shims/node-child-process.ts
@@ -13,3 +13,7 @@ export function exec() {
 export function spawn() {
     throw new Error('spawn is not supported in Cloudflare Workers');
 }
+
+export function execFileSync() {
+    throw new Error('execFileSync is not supported in Cloudflare Workers');
+}
diff --git a/lib/utils/playwright-utils.test.ts b/lib/utils/playwright-utils.test.ts
index 4151605d5b8c..de7683a23fbf 100644
--- a/lib/utils/playwright-utils.test.ts
+++ b/lib/utils/playwright-utils.test.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
+import type { BrowserContext } from 'playwright-core';
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
 
-import type { Browser } from '@/utils/playwright';
 import playwright from '@/utils/playwright';
 import { constructCookieArray, getCookies, parseCookieArray, setCookies } from '@/utils/playwright-utils';
 
-let browser: Browser | null = null;
+let context: BrowserContext | null = null;
 
 afterEach(async () => {
-    if (browser) {
-        await browser.close();
-        browser = null;
+    if (context) {
+        await context.close();
+        context = null;
     }
 
     vi.resetModules();
@@ -17,19 +17,19 @@ afterEach(async () => {
 
 describe('browser cookie utils', () => {
     const cookieArrayExampleCom = [
-        { name: 'foobar', value: '', domain: 'example.com' },
-        { name: 'foo', value: 'bar', domain: 'example.com' },
-        { name: 'baz', value: 'qux', domain: 'example.com' },
+        { name: 'foobar', value: '', domain: 'example.com', path: '/' },
+        { name: 'foo', value: 'bar', domain: 'example.com', path: '/' },
+        { name: 'baz', value: 'qux', domain: 'example.com', path: '/' },
     ];
     const cookieArraySubExampleCom = [
-        { name: 'barfoo', value: '', domain: 'sub.example.com' },
-        { name: 'bar', value: 'foo', domain: 'sub.example.com' },
-        { name: 'qux', value: 'baz', domain: 'sub.example.com' },
+        { name: 'barfoo', value: '', domain: 'sub.example.com', path: '/' },
+        { name: 'bar', value: 'foo', domain: 'sub.example.com', path: '/' },
+        { name: 'qux', value: 'baz', domain: 'sub.example.com', path: '/' },
     ];
     const cookieArrayRsshubTest = [
-        { name: '', value: 'rsshub', domain: 'rsshub.test' },
-        { name: 'rsshub', value: '', domain: 'rsshub.test' },
-        { name: 'test', value: 'rsshub', domain: 'rsshub.test' },
+        { name: '', value: 'rsshub', domain: 'rsshub.test', path: '/' },
+        { name: 'rsshub', value: '', domain: 'rsshub.test', path: '/' },
+        { name: 'test', value: 'rsshub', domain: 'rsshub.test', path: '/' },
     ];
     const cookieArrayAll = [...cookieArrayExampleCom, ...cookieArraySubExampleCom, ...cookieArrayRsshubTest];
 
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ describe('browser cookie utils', () => {
     });
 
     it('getCookies httpbingo', async () => {
-        browser = await playwright();
-        const page = await browser.newPage();
+        context = await playwright();
+        const page = await context.newPage();
         await page.goto('https://httpbingo.org/cookies/set?foo=bar&baz=qux', {
             waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
         });
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ describe('browser cookie utils', () => {
     }, 45000);
 
     it('setCookies httpbingo', async () => {
-        browser = await playwright();
-        const page = await browser.newPage();
+        context = await playwright();
+        const page = await context.newPage();
         // httpbingo.org cannot recognize cookies with empty name properly, so we cannot use cookieStrAll here
         await setCookies(page, cookieStrExampleCom, 'httpbingo.org');
         await page.goto('https://httpbingo.org/cookies', {
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ describe('browser cookie utils', () => {
     }, 45000);
 
     it('setCookies & getCookies example.org', async () => {
-        browser = await playwright();
-        const page = await browser.newPage();
+        context = await playwright();
+        const page = await context.newPage();
         // we can use cookieStrAll here!
         await setCookies(page, cookieStrAll, 'example.org');
         await page.goto('https://example.org', {
diff --git a/lib/utils/playwright-utils.ts b/lib/utils/playwright-utils.ts
index 433c4bd67d6d..19a8c63f3f1e 100644
--- a/lib/utils/playwright-utils.ts
+++ b/lib/utils/playwright-utils.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,35 @@
+import { config } from '@/config';
+import logger from '@/utils/logger';
+
+const downloadChromiumInBackground = async () => {
+    if (config.playwrightWSEndpoint || config.chromiumExecutablePath) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const cloakbrowser = await import('cloakbrowser');
+
+    const info = cloakbrowser.binaryInfo();
+    if (info.installed) {
+        logger.info(`CloakBrowser ${info.version} present at ${info.binaryPath}`);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    logger.info(`CloakBrowser ${info.version} not found, downloading from GitHub release...`);
+    const binaryPath = await cloakbrowser.ensureBinary();
+    logger.info(`CloakBrowser installed at ${binaryPath}`);
+};
+
+const checkChromium = async () => {
+    if (!process.env.CLOAKBROWSER_DOWNLOAD_URL) {
+        return;
+    }
+    try {
+        await downloadChromiumInBackground();
+    } catch (error) {
+        logger.error(`CloakBrowser check failed: ${error}`);
+    }
+};
+
 /**
  * Get Cookie-header-style cookie string from a browser cookie array.
  *
@@ -27,7 +59,7 @@ const parseCookieArray = (cookies, domainFilter?: string | RegExp) => {
 const constructCookieArray = (cookieStr, domain) =>
     cookieStr.split('; ').map((item) => {
         const [name, value] = item.split('=');
-        return value === undefined ? { name: '', value: name, domain } : { name, value, domain };
+        return value === undefined ? { name: '', value: name, domain, path: '/' } : { name, value, domain, path: '/' };
     });
 
 /**
@@ -40,7 +72,7 @@ const constructCookieArray = (cookieStr, domain) =>
  */
 const setCookies = async (page, cookieStr, domain) => {
     const cookies = constructCookieArray(cookieStr, domain);
-    await page.setCookie(...cookies);
+    await page.context().addCookies(cookies);
 };
 
 /**
@@ -51,8 +83,8 @@ const setCookies = async (page, cookieStr, domain) => {
  * @return {Promise<string>} Cookie-header-style cookie string
  */
 const getCookies = async (page, domainFilter?: string) => {
-    const cookies = await page.cookies();
+    const cookies = await page.context().cookies();
     return parseCookieArray(cookies, domainFilter);
 };
 
-export { constructCookieArray, getCookies, parseCookieArray, setCookies };
+export { checkChromium, constructCookieArray, downloadChromiumInBackground, getCookies, parseCookieArray, setCookies };
diff --git a/lib/utils/playwright.mock.test.ts b/lib/utils/playwright.mock.test.ts
index f09351631f99..1b5ba86699a0 100644
--- a/lib/utils/playwright.mock.test.ts
+++ b/lib/utils/playwright.mock.test.ts
@@ -4,19 +4,6 @@ const connect = vi.fn();
 const connectOverCDP = vi.fn();
 const launch = vi.fn();
 
-const routeContinue = vi.fn();
-const routeAbort = vi.fn();
-const route = {
-    request: vi.fn(),
-    continue: routeContinue,
-    abort: routeAbort,
-};
-
-const request = {
-    resourceType: vi.fn(),
-    url: vi.fn(),
-};
-
 let page: any;
 let context: any;
 let browser: any;
@@ -26,9 +13,7 @@ const createBrowserMocks = () => {
         context: vi.fn(),
         goto: vi.fn(),
         on: vi.fn(),
-        route: vi.fn(),
         setExtraHTTPHeaders: vi.fn(),
-        unroute: vi.fn(),
     };
 
     context = {
@@ -53,14 +38,17 @@ const proxyMock = {
     getDispatcherForProxy: vi.fn(),
 };
 
-vi.mock('playwright', () => ({
+vi.mock('playwright-core', () => ({
     chromium: {
         connect,
         connectOverCDP,
-        launch,
     },
 }));
 
+vi.mock('cloakbrowser', () => ({
+    launch,
+}));
+
 vi.mock('@/utils/proxy', () => ({
     default: proxyMock,
 }));
@@ -83,11 +71,6 @@ const resetMocks = () => {
     connect.mockReset();
     connectOverCDP.mockReset();
     launch.mockReset();
-    routeContinue.mockReset();
-    routeAbort.mockReset();
-    route.request.mockReset();
-    request.resourceType.mockReset();
-    request.url.mockReset();
     proxyMock.multiProxy = undefined;
     proxyMock.getCurrentProxy.mockReset();
     proxyMock.markProxyFailed.mockReset();
@@ -110,7 +93,7 @@ describe('getPlaywrightPage (mocked)', () => {
 
         const getPlaywrightPage = await loadPlaywright();
         const onBeforeLoad = vi.fn();
-        const close = browser.close;
+        const contextClose = context.close;
         const result = await getPlaywrightPage('https://example.com', {
             noGoto: true,
             onBeforeLoad,
@@ -118,14 +101,36 @@ describe('getPlaywrightPage (mocked)', () => {
 
         const endpoint = connect.mock.calls[0][0] as string;
         expect(connectOverCDP).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-        expect(endpoint).toContain('launch-options=');
-        expect(endpoint).not.toContain('launch=');
-        const launchOptions = JSON.parse(new URL(endpoint).searchParams.get('launch-options') || '{}');
+        expect(endpoint).toContain('launch=');
+        expect(endpoint).not.toContain('launch-options=');
+        const launchOptions = JSON.parse(new URL(endpoint).searchParams.get('launch') || '{}');
         expect(launchOptions.args).not.toContainEqual(expect.stringContaining('--user-agent='));
+        expect(launchOptions.executablePath).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(launchOptions.acceptInsecureCerts).toBe(true);
         expect(onBeforeLoad).toHaveBeenCalled();
 
         await result.destroy();
-        expect(close).toHaveBeenCalled();
+        expect(contextClose).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('merges browserless launch options with existing ws endpoint launch param', async () => {
+        resetMocks();
+        connect.mockResolvedValue(browser);
+        launch.mockResolvedValue(browser);
+        page.goto.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+        browser.close.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+        process.env.PLAYWRIGHT_WS_ENDPOINT = `ws://localhost:3000/?token=abc&launch=${encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify({ stealth: true }))}`;
+        proxyMock.getCurrentProxy.mockReturnValue(null);
+
+        const getPlaywrightPage = await loadPlaywright();
+        const result = await getPlaywrightPage('https://example.com', { noGoto: true });
+
+        const endpoint = connect.mock.calls[0][0] as string;
+        const launchOptions = JSON.parse(new URL(endpoint).searchParams.get('launch') || '{}');
+        expect(launchOptions.stealth).toBe(true);
+        expect(launchOptions.headless).toBe(true);
+
+        await result.destroy();
     });
 
     it('does not override the browser user agent', async () => {
@@ -175,33 +180,6 @@ describe('getPlaywrightPage (mocked)', () => {
         }
     });
 
-    it('handles requestfinished events after the remote page closes', async () => {
-        resetMocks();
-        launch.mockResolvedValue(browser);
-        page.goto.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
-        proxyMock.getCurrentProxy.mockReturnValue(null);
-
-        const getPlaywrightPage = await loadPlaywright();
-        const handler = vi.fn();
-        const rawOn = page.on;
-        await getPlaywrightPage('https://example.com', {
-            onBeforeLoad: (page) => {
-                page.on('requestfinished', handler);
-            },
-        });
-
-        const finishedHandler = rawOn.mock.calls.find(([event]) => event === 'requestfinished')?.[1];
-        await finishedHandler?.({
-            response: vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('closed')),
-            url: () => 'https://example.com/api',
-        });
-
-        expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-        const finishedRequest = handler.mock.calls[0][0];
-        expect(finishedRequest.response()).toBeNull();
-        expect(finishedRequest.url()).toBe('https://example.com/api');
-    });
-
     it('marks proxy failed when navigation throws with multi-proxy', async () => {
         resetMocks();
         launch.mockResolvedValue(browser);
@@ -219,50 +197,4 @@ describe('getPlaywrightPage (mocked)', () => {
 
         expect(proxyMock.markProxyFailed).toHaveBeenCalledWith(currentProxy.uri);
     });
-
-    it('maps legacy networkidle waits to playwright networkidle', async () => {
-        resetMocks();
-        launch.mockResolvedValue(browser);
-        page.goto.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
-        proxyMock.getCurrentProxy.mockReturnValue(null);
-
-        const getPlaywrightPage = await loadPlaywright();
-        const goto = page.goto;
-        await getPlaywrightPage('https://example.com', {
-            gotoConfig: {
-                waitUntil: 'networkidle2',
-            },
-        });
-
-        expect(goto).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://example.com', {
-            waitUntil: 'networkidle',
-        });
-    });
-
-    it('keeps legacy request interception helpers', async () => {
-        resetMocks();
-        launch.mockResolvedValue(browser);
-        page.goto.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
-        proxyMock.getCurrentProxy.mockReturnValue(null);
-        request.resourceType.mockReturnValue('image');
-        request.url.mockReturnValue('https://example.com/logo.png');
-        routeAbort.mockReturnValueOnce(new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0)));
-        route.request.mockReturnValue(request);
-
-        const getPlaywrightPage = await loadPlaywright();
-        await getPlaywrightPage('https://example.com', {
-            onBeforeLoad: async (page) => {
-                await page.setRequestInterception(true);
-                page.on('request', (request) => {
-                    request.resourceType() === 'document' ? request.continue() : request.abort();
-                });
-            },
-        });
-
-        const routeHandler = page.route.mock.calls[0][1];
-        await routeHandler(route);
-
-        expect(routeAbort).toHaveBeenCalled();
-        expect(routeContinue).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    });
 });
diff --git a/lib/utils/playwright.test.ts b/lib/utils/playwright.test.ts
index e5ec76855698..71ef1aba5622 100644
--- a/lib/utils/playwright.test.ts
+++ b/lib/utils/playwright.test.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
+import type { BrowserContext } from 'playwright-core';
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
 
-import type { Browser } from '@/utils/playwright';
-
 import wait from './wait';
 
-let browser: Browser | null = null;
+let context: BrowserContext | null = null;
 
 afterEach(async () => {
-    if (browser) {
-        await browser.close();
-        browser = null;
+    if (context) {
+        await context.close();
+        context = null;
     }
 
     delete process.env.PROXY_URI;
@@ -25,9 +24,10 @@ afterEach(async () => {
 describe('playwright', () => {
     it('playwright run', async () => {
         const { default: playwright } = await import('./playwright');
-        browser = await playwright();
+        context = await playwright();
+        const browser = context.browser();
         const startTime = Date.now();
-        const page = await browser.newPage();
+        const page = await context.newPage();
         await page.goto('https://www.google.com', {
             waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded',
         });
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ describe('playwright', () => {
         const html = await page.evaluate(() => document.body.innerHTML);
         expect(html.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
 
-        expect(browser.isConnected()).toBe(true);
+        expect(browser?.isConnected()).toBe(true);
         const sleepTime = 31 * 1000 - (Date.now() - startTime);
         if (sleepTime > 0) {
             await wait(sleepTime);
         }
-        expect(browser.isConnected()).toBe(false);
-        browser = null;
+        expect(browser?.isConnected()).toBe(false);
+        context = null;
     }, 45000);
 });
 
@@ -50,18 +50,19 @@ describe('getPlaywrightPage', () => {
         const { getPlaywrightPage } = await import('./playwright');
         const playwright = await getPlaywrightPage('https://www.google.com');
         const page = playwright.page;
-        browser = playwright.browser;
+        context = playwright.context;
+        const browser = context.browser();
         const startTime = Date.now();
 
         const html = await page.evaluate(() => document.body.innerHTML);
         expect(html.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
 
-        expect(browser.isConnected()).toBe(true);
+        expect(browser?.isConnected()).toBe(true);
         const sleepTime = 31 * 1000 - (Date.now() - startTime);
         if (sleepTime > 0) {
             await wait(sleepTime);
         }
-        expect(browser.isConnected()).toBe(false);
-        browser = null;
+        expect(browser?.isConnected()).toBe(false);
+        context = null;
     }, 45000);
 });
diff --git a/lib/utils/playwright.ts b/lib/utils/playwright.ts
index 25b4a65da984..1753fedf8479 100644
--- a/lib/utils/playwright.ts
+++ b/lib/utils/playwright.ts
@@ -1,66 +1,16 @@
-import type { Browser as PlaywrightBrowser, BrowserContext, BrowserContextOptions, LaunchOptions, Page as PlaywrightPage, Request as PlaywrightRequest, Response as PlaywrightResponse, Route } from 'playwright';
-import { chromium } from 'playwright';
+import { launch } from 'cloakbrowser';
+import type { Browser, BrowserContext, BrowserContextOptions, LaunchOptions, Page } from 'playwright-core';
+import { chromium } from 'playwright-core';
 
 import { config } from '@/config';
 
 import logger from './logger';
 import proxy from './proxy';
 
-type SetCookieParam = Parameters<BrowserContext['addCookies']>[0][number];
-type Cookie = Awaited<ReturnType<BrowserContext['cookies']>>[number];
-type GotoOptions = Parameters<PlaywrightPage['goto']>[1] & {
-    waitUntil?: 'load' | 'domcontentloaded' | 'networkidle' | 'networkidle0' | 'networkidle2';
-};
+type GotoOptions = Parameters<Page['goto']>[1];
 
 type ProxyState = NonNullable<ReturnType<typeof proxy.getCurrentProxy>>;
 
-type RouteRequest = {
-    abort: (errorCode?: string) => Promise<void>;
-    continue: (options?: Parameters<Route['continue']>[0]) => Promise<void>;
-    resourceType: () => ReturnType<PlaywrightRequest['resourceType']>;
-    url: () => string;
-};
-
-type FinishedRequest = {
-    response: () => {
-        status: () => number;
-    } | null;
-    url: () => string;
-};
-
-type RequestHandler = (request: RouteRequest) => Promise<void> | void;
-type RequestFinishedHandler = (request: FinishedRequest) => Promise<void> | void;
-type HandledRouteRequest = RouteRequest & { handled: boolean };
-
-export type Page = PlaywrightPage & {
-    authenticate: (credentials: { password?: string; username?: string }) => Promise<void>;
-    cookies: (urls?: string | string[]) => Promise<Cookie[]>;
-    goto: (url: string, options?: GotoOptions) => ReturnType<PlaywrightPage['goto']>;
-    on: ((event: 'request', handler: RequestHandler) => Page) & ((event: 'requestfinished', handler: RequestFinishedHandler) => Page) & PlaywrightPage['on'];
-    setCookie: (...cookies: SetCookieParam[]) => Promise<void>;
-    setRequestInterception: (enabled: boolean) => Promise<void>;
-    setUserAgent: (userAgent: string) => Promise<void>;
-};
-
-export type Browser = PlaywrightBrowser & {
-    cookies: (urls?: string | string[]) => Promise<Cookie[]>;
-    newPage: () => Promise<Page>;
-    setCookie: (...cookies: SetCookieParam[]) => Promise<void>;
-    userAgent: () => string;
-};
-
-const normalizeWaitUntil = (waitUntil: GotoOptions['waitUntil']) => (waitUntil === 'networkidle0' || waitUntil === 'networkidle2' ? 'networkidle' : waitUntil);
-
-const normalizeGotoOptions = (options?: GotoOptions): Parameters<PlaywrightPage['goto']>[1] | undefined =>
-    options
-        ? {
-              ...options,
-              waitUntil: normalizeWaitUntil(options.waitUntil),
-          }
-        : options;
-
-const withDefaultCookiePath = (cookie: SetCookieParam): SetCookieParam => ('domain' in cookie && !('path' in cookie) ? { ...cookie, path: '/' } : cookie);
-
 const proxyServerFromUrl = (proxyUrl: URL) => {
     const protocol = proxyUrl.protocol.replace('socks5h:', 'socks5:').replace('socks4a:', 'socks4:');
     return `${protocol}//${proxyUrl.host}`;
@@ -95,163 +45,64 @@ const getProxyOptions = (currentProxy: ProxyState | null | undefined) => {
     } satisfies Pick<LaunchOptions, 'proxy'>;
 };
 
+const COMMON_LAUNCH_ARGS = ['--no-sandbox', '--disable-setuid-sandbox', '--window-position=0,0', '--ignore-certificate-errors', '--ignore-certificate-errors-spki-list'];
+
+// CloakBrowser auto-downloads its own patched Chromium (both linux/amd64 and linux/arm64 prebuilds) and applies anti-detection at the C++ source level.
+// executablePath is still forwarded when CHROMIUM_EXECUTABLE_PATH is set so users can point at a custom binary — in that case CloakBrowser's C++ patches don't apply.
 const getLaunchOptions = (currentProxy?: ProxyState | null): LaunchOptions => ({
-    args: ['--no-sandbox', '--disable-setuid-sandbox', '--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled', '--window-position=0,0', '--ignore-certificate-errors', '--ignore-certificate-errors-spki-list'],
+    args: COMMON_LAUNCH_ARGS,
     executablePath: config.chromiumExecutablePath || undefined,
     headless: true,
     ...getProxyOptions(currentProxy),
 });
 
-const getContextOptions = (): BrowserContextOptions => ({
-    ignoreHTTPSErrors: true,
+// Browserless accepts launch options as a `launch` URL query parameter (URL-encoded JSON).
+// (Playwright's own launch-server uses `launch-options` — RSSHub's WS_ENDPOINT targets browserless, so we emit `launch`.)
+// The browserless schema differs from playwright LaunchOptions: no `executablePath`, and `ignoreHTTPSErrors` is renamed to `acceptInsecureCerts`.
+type BrowserlessLaunchOptions = {
+    acceptInsecureCerts?: boolean;
+    args?: string[];
+    headless?: boolean;
+    ignoreDefaultArgs?: boolean | string[];
+    proxy?: LaunchOptions['proxy'];
+    slowMo?: number;
+    stealth?: boolean;
+};
+
+const toBrowserlessLaunchOptions = (currentProxy?: ProxyState | null): BrowserlessLaunchOptions => ({
+    acceptInsecureCerts: true,
+    args: COMMON_LAUNCH_ARGS,
+    headless: true,
+    stealth: true,
+    ...getProxyOptions(currentProxy),
 });
 
-const createRouteRequest = (route: Route): HandledRouteRequest => {
-    const request = route.request();
-    const routeRequest = {
-        abort: async (errorCode) => {
-            routeRequest.handled = true;
-            await route.abort(errorCode);
-        },
-        continue: async (options) => {
-            routeRequest.handled = true;
-            await route.continue(options);
-        },
-        handled: false,
-        resourceType: () => request.resourceType(),
-        url: () => request.url(),
-    };
-    return routeRequest;
-};
-
-const runRequestHandlers = async (handlers: RequestHandler[], request: HandledRouteRequest, index = 0): Promise<void> => {
-    if (request.handled || index >= handlers.length) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    await handlers[index](request);
-    await runRequestHandlers(handlers, request, index + 1);
-};
-
-const createFinishedRequest = (request: PlaywrightRequest, response: PlaywrightResponse | null): FinishedRequest => ({
-    response: () =>
-        response
-            ? {
-                  status: () => response.status(),
-              }
-            : null,
-    url: () => request.url(),
+const getContextOptions = (): BrowserContextOptions => ({
+    ignoreHTTPSErrors: true,
 });
 
-const patchPage = (page: PlaywrightPage, context: BrowserContext): Page => {
-    const compatPage = page as Page;
-    const requestHandlers: RequestHandler[] = [];
-    const originalGoto = page.goto.bind(page);
-    const originalOn = page.on.bind(page);
-    const originalRoute = page.route.bind(page);
-    const originalUnroute = page.unroute.bind(page);
-    let routeHandler: ((route: Route) => Promise<void>) | undefined;
-    let requestInterceptionEnabled = false;
-
-    compatPage.goto = (url, options) => originalGoto(url, normalizeGotoOptions(options));
-    compatPage.cookies = (urls) => context.cookies(urls);
-    compatPage.setCookie = async (...cookies) => {
-        await context.addCookies(cookies.map((cookie) => withDefaultCookiePath(cookie)));
-    };
-    compatPage.authenticate = async () => {};
-    compatPage.setUserAgent = async (userAgent) => {
-        const contextWithCDP = context as BrowserContext & {
-            newCDPSession?: (page: PlaywrightPage) => Promise<{
-                detach: () => Promise<void>;
-                send: (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<void>;
-            }>;
-        };
-        if (contextWithCDP.newCDPSession) {
-            const session = await contextWithCDP.newCDPSession(page);
-            await session.send('Network.setUserAgentOverride', { userAgent });
-            await session.detach();
-            return;
-        }
-        await page.setExtraHTTPHeaders({
-            'User-Agent': userAgent,
-        });
-    };
-    compatPage.setRequestInterception = async (enabled) => {
-        requestInterceptionEnabled = enabled;
-        if (enabled && !routeHandler) {
-            routeHandler = async (route) => {
-                const request = createRouteRequest(route);
-                await runRequestHandlers(requestHandlers, request);
-                if (request.handled) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                await route.continue();
-            };
-            await originalRoute('**/*', routeHandler);
-        } else if (!enabled && routeHandler) {
-            await originalUnroute('**/*', routeHandler);
-            routeHandler = undefined;
-        }
-    };
-    compatPage.on = ((event: string, handler: (...args: any[]) => any) => {
-        if (event === 'request') {
-            requestHandlers.push(handler as RequestHandler);
-            if (!requestInterceptionEnabled) {
-                originalOn(event, handler);
-            }
-            return compatPage;
-        }
-        if (event === 'requestfinished') {
-            originalOn(event, async (request) => {
-                let response: PlaywrightResponse | null = null;
-                try {
-                    response = await request.response();
-                } catch {
-                    // The remote browser may close before Playwright resolves the response.
-                }
-                await (handler as RequestFinishedHandler)(createFinishedRequest(request, response));
-            });
-            return compatPage;
-        }
-        originalOn(event, handler);
-        return compatPage;
-    }) as Page['on'];
-
-    return compatPage;
+const launchBrowser = async (currentProxy?: ProxyState | null) => {
+    // When WS_ENDPOINT is set we connect to self-hosted browserless via playwright-core's CDP/WS;
+    // otherwise we launch CloakBrowser's bundled stealth Chromium locally.
+    const browser = config.playwrightWSEndpoint ? await chromium.connect(getBrowserlessEndpoint(config.playwrightWSEndpoint, toBrowserlessLaunchOptions(currentProxy))) : ((await launch(getLaunchOptions(currentProxy))) as Browser);
+    const context = await browser.newContext(getContextOptions());
+    return { browser, context };
 };
 
-const createCompatBrowser = async (browser: PlaywrightBrowser, contextOptions: BrowserContextOptions): Promise<Browser> => {
-    const context = await browser.newContext(contextOptions);
-    const compatBrowser = browser as Browser;
-    const originalClose = browser.close.bind(browser);
-
-    compatBrowser.newPage = async () => patchPage(await context.newPage(), context);
-    compatBrowser.setCookie = async (...cookies) => {
-        await context.addCookies(cookies.map((cookie) => withDefaultCookiePath(cookie)));
-    };
-    compatBrowser.cookies = (urls) => context.cookies(urls);
-    compatBrowser.userAgent = () => config.ua;
-    compatBrowser.close = async (options) => {
+// Merge our launch options into the existing `launch` query parameter so endpoint-level options
+// (e.g. `?launch=%7B%22stealth%22%3Atrue%7D`) are preserved instead of being overwritten.
+const getBrowserlessEndpoint = (endpoint: string, launchOptions: BrowserlessLaunchOptions) => {
+    const endpointURL = new URL(endpoint);
+    const existing = endpointURL.searchParams.get('launch');
+    let merged: BrowserlessLaunchOptions = launchOptions;
+    if (existing) {
         try {
-            await context.close();
+            merged = { ...(JSON.parse(existing) as BrowserlessLaunchOptions), ...launchOptions };
         } catch {
-            // Ignore already-closed contexts.
+            // Existing value is not JSON (could be base64 or malformed); leave caller's options as the source of truth.
         }
-        await originalClose(options);
-    };
-
-    return compatBrowser;
-};
-
-const launchBrowser = async (currentProxy?: ProxyState | null) => {
-    const launchOptions = getLaunchOptions(currentProxy);
-    const browser = config.playwrightWSEndpoint ? await chromium.connect(getEndpointWithLaunchOptions(config.playwrightWSEndpoint, launchOptions)) : await chromium.launch(launchOptions);
-    return createCompatBrowser(browser, getContextOptions());
-};
-
-const getEndpointWithLaunchOptions = (endpoint: string, launchOptions: LaunchOptions) => {
-    const endpointURL = new URL(endpoint);
-    endpointURL.searchParams.set('launch-options', JSON.stringify(launchOptions));
+    }
+    endpointURL.searchParams.set('launch', JSON.stringify(merged));
     return endpointURL.toString();
 };
 
@@ -262,13 +113,13 @@ const scheduleClose = (browser: Browser, timeout = 30000) => {
 };
 
 /**
- * @returns Playwright browser
+ * @returns Playwright browser context (native `newPage()` shares state across calls)
  */
 const outPlaywright = async () => {
     const currentProxy = proxy.getCurrentProxy();
-    const browser = await launchBrowser(currentProxy && proxy.proxyObj.url_regex === '.*' ? currentProxy : null);
+    const { browser, context } = await launchBrowser(currentProxy && proxy.proxyObj.url_regex === '.*' ? currentProxy : null);
     scheduleClose(browser);
-    return browser;
+    return context;
 };
 
 export default outPlaywright;
@@ -285,7 +136,7 @@ export const getPlaywrightPage = async (
         closeTimeout?: number;
         gotoConfig?: GotoOptions;
         noGoto?: boolean;
-        onBeforeLoad?: (page: Page, browser?: Browser) => Promise<void> | void;
+        onBeforeLoad?: (page: Page, context?: BrowserContext) => Promise<void> | void;
     } = {}
 ) => {
     let allowProxy = false;
@@ -304,16 +155,16 @@ export const getPlaywrightPage = async (
     const currentProxy = proxy.getCurrentProxy();
     const currentProxyState = currentProxy && allowProxy ? currentProxy : null;
     const hasProxy = Boolean(getProxyOptions(currentProxyState).proxy);
-    const browser = await launchBrowser(currentProxyState);
+    const { browser, context } = await launchBrowser(currentProxyState);
     scheduleClose(browser, instanceOptions.closeTimeout);
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
 
     if (hasProxy && currentProxyState) {
         logger.debug(`Proxying request in playwright via ${currentProxyState.uri}: ${url}`);
     }
 
     if (instanceOptions.onBeforeLoad) {
-        await instanceOptions.onBeforeLoad(page, browser);
+        await instanceOptions.onBeforeLoad(page, context);
     }
 
     if (!instanceOptions.noGoto) {
@@ -330,12 +181,12 @@ export const getPlaywrightPage = async (
     }
 
     return {
-        browser,
+        context,
         destroy: async () => {
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
         },
         page,
     };
 };
 
-export const getPuppeteerPage = getPlaywrightPage;
+export { type Page } from 'playwright-core';
diff --git a/lib/utils/playwright.worker.ts b/lib/utils/playwright.worker.ts
index bdf49429ba3f..e3215fc81078 100644
--- a/lib/utils/playwright.worker.ts
+++ b/lib/utils/playwright.worker.ts
@@ -1,51 +1,10 @@
 // Worker-compatible Playwright using Cloudflare Browser Run.
-import type { Browser as PlaywrightBrowser, BrowserContext, Page as PlaywrightPage, Request as PlaywrightRequest, Response as PlaywrightResponse, Route } from '@cloudflare/playwright';
+import type { Browser, Page } from '@cloudflare/playwright';
 import { launch } from '@cloudflare/playwright';
 
-import { config } from '@/config';
-
 import logger from './logger';
 
-type SetCookieParam = Parameters<BrowserContext['addCookies']>[0][number];
-type Cookie = Awaited<ReturnType<BrowserContext['cookies']>>[number];
-type GotoOptions = Parameters<PlaywrightPage['goto']>[1] & {
-    waitUntil?: 'load' | 'domcontentloaded' | 'networkidle' | 'networkidle0' | 'networkidle2';
-};
-
-type RouteRequest = {
-    abort: (errorCode?: string) => Promise<void>;
-    continue: (options?: Parameters<Route['continue']>[0]) => Promise<void>;
-    resourceType: () => ReturnType<PlaywrightRequest['resourceType']>;
-    url: () => string;
-};
-
-type FinishedRequest = {
-    response: () => {
-        status: () => number;
-    } | null;
-    url: () => string;
-};
-
-type RequestHandler = (request: RouteRequest) => Promise<void> | void;
-type RequestFinishedHandler = (request: FinishedRequest) => Promise<void> | void;
-type HandledRouteRequest = RouteRequest & { handled: boolean };
-
-export type Page = PlaywrightPage & {
-    authenticate: (credentials: { password?: string; username?: string }) => Promise<void>;
-    cookies: (urls?: string | string[]) => Promise<Cookie[]>;
-    goto: (url: string, options?: GotoOptions) => ReturnType<PlaywrightPage['goto']>;
-    on: ((event: 'request', handler: RequestHandler) => Page) & ((event: 'requestfinished', handler: RequestFinishedHandler) => Page) & PlaywrightPage['on'];
-    setCookie: (...cookies: SetCookieParam[]) => Promise<void>;
-    setRequestInterception: (enabled: boolean) => Promise<void>;
-    setUserAgent: (userAgent: string) => Promise<void>;
-};
-
-export type Browser = PlaywrightBrowser & {
-    cookies: (urls?: string | string[]) => Promise<Cookie[]>;
-    newPage: () => Promise<Page>;
-    setCookie: (...cookies: SetCookieParam[]) => Promise<void>;
-    userAgent: () => string;
-};
+type GotoOptions = Parameters<Page['goto']>[1];
 
 let browserBinding: any = null;
 
@@ -60,142 +19,14 @@ const getBrowserBinding = () => {
     return browserBinding;
 };
 
-const normalizeWaitUntil = (waitUntil: GotoOptions['waitUntil']) => (waitUntil === 'networkidle0' || waitUntil === 'networkidle2' ? 'networkidle' : waitUntil);
-
-const normalizeGotoOptions = (options?: GotoOptions): Parameters<PlaywrightPage['goto']>[1] | undefined =>
-    options
-        ? {
-              ...options,
-              waitUntil: normalizeWaitUntil(options.waitUntil),
-          }
-        : options;
-
-const withDefaultCookiePath = (cookie: SetCookieParam): SetCookieParam => ('domain' in cookie && !('path' in cookie) ? { ...cookie, path: '/' } : cookie);
-
-const createRouteRequest = (route: Route): HandledRouteRequest => {
-    const request = route.request();
-    const routeRequest = {
-        abort: async (errorCode) => {
-            routeRequest.handled = true;
-            await route.abort(errorCode);
-        },
-        continue: async (options) => {
-            routeRequest.handled = true;
-            await route.continue(options);
-        },
-        handled: false,
-        resourceType: () => request.resourceType(),
-        url: () => request.url(),
-    };
-    return routeRequest;
-};
-
-const runRequestHandlers = async (handlers: RequestHandler[], request: HandledRouteRequest, index = 0): Promise<void> => {
-    if (request.handled || index >= handlers.length) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    await handlers[index](request);
-    await runRequestHandlers(handlers, request, index + 1);
-};
-
-const createFinishedRequest = (request: PlaywrightRequest, response: PlaywrightResponse | null): FinishedRequest => ({
-    response: () =>
-        response
-            ? {
-                  status: () => response.status(),
-              }
-            : null,
-    url: () => request.url(),
-});
-
-const patchPage = (page: PlaywrightPage, context: BrowserContext): Page => {
-    const compatPage = page as Page;
-    const requestHandlers: RequestHandler[] = [];
-    const originalGoto = page.goto.bind(page);
-    const originalOn = page.on.bind(page);
-    const originalRoute = page.route.bind(page);
-    const originalUnroute = page.unroute.bind(page);
-    let routeHandler: ((route: Route) => Promise<void>) | undefined;
-    let requestInterceptionEnabled = false;
-
-    compatPage.goto = (url, options) => originalGoto(url, normalizeGotoOptions(options));
-    compatPage.cookies = (urls) => context.cookies(urls);
-    compatPage.setCookie = async (...cookies) => {
-        await context.addCookies(cookies.map((cookie) => withDefaultCookiePath(cookie)));
-    };
-    compatPage.authenticate = async () => {};
-    compatPage.setUserAgent = async (userAgent) => {
-        await page.setExtraHTTPHeaders({
-            'User-Agent': userAgent,
-        });
-    };
-    compatPage.setRequestInterception = async (enabled) => {
-        requestInterceptionEnabled = enabled;
-        if (enabled && !routeHandler) {
-            routeHandler = async (route) => {
-                const request = createRouteRequest(route);
-                await runRequestHandlers(requestHandlers, request);
-                if (request.handled) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                await route.continue();
-            };
-            await originalRoute('**/*', routeHandler);
-        } else if (!enabled && routeHandler) {
-            await originalUnroute('**/*', routeHandler);
-            routeHandler = undefined;
-        }
-    };
-    compatPage.on = ((event: string, handler: (...args: any[]) => any) => {
-        if (event === 'request') {
-            requestHandlers.push(handler as RequestHandler);
-            if (!requestInterceptionEnabled) {
-                originalOn(event, handler);
-            }
-            return compatPage;
-        }
-        if (event === 'requestfinished') {
-            originalOn(event, async (request) => {
-                const response = await request.response();
-                await (handler as RequestFinishedHandler)(createFinishedRequest(request, response));
-            });
-            return compatPage;
-        }
-        originalOn(event, handler);
-        return compatPage;
-    }) as Page['on'];
-
-    return compatPage;
-};
-
-const createCompatBrowser = async (browser: PlaywrightBrowser): Promise<Browser> => {
+const launchBrowser = async () => {
+    const browser = await launch(getBrowserBinding(), { keep_alive: 60000 });
     const context = await browser.newContext({
         ignoreHTTPSErrors: true,
     });
-    const compatBrowser = browser as Browser;
-    const originalClose = browser.close.bind(browser);
-
-    compatBrowser.newPage = async () => patchPage(await context.newPage(), context);
-    compatBrowser.setCookie = async (...cookies) => {
-        await context.addCookies(cookies.map((cookie) => withDefaultCookiePath(cookie)));
-    };
-    compatBrowser.cookies = (urls) => context.cookies(urls);
-    compatBrowser.userAgent = () => config.ua;
-    compatBrowser.close = async (options) => {
-        try {
-            await context.close();
-        } catch {
-            // Ignore already-closed contexts.
-        }
-        await originalClose(options);
-    };
-
-    return compatBrowser;
+    return { browser, context };
 };
 
-const launchBrowser = async () => createCompatBrowser(await launch(getBrowserBinding(), { keep_alive: 60000 }));
-
 const scheduleClose = (browser: Browser) => {
     setTimeout(() => {
         void browser.close();
@@ -203,12 +34,12 @@ const scheduleClose = (browser: Browser) => {
 };
 
 /**
- * @returns Playwright browser
+ * @returns Playwright browser context (native `newPage()` shares state across calls)
  */
 const outPlaywright = async () => {
-    const browser = await launchBrowser();
+    const { browser, context } = await launchBrowser();
     scheduleClose(browser);
-    return browser;
+    return context;
 };
 
 export default outPlaywright;
@@ -221,17 +52,17 @@ export const getPlaywrightPage = async (
     instanceOptions: {
         gotoConfig?: GotoOptions;
         noGoto?: boolean;
-        onBeforeLoad?: (page: Page, browser?: Browser) => Promise<void> | void;
+        onBeforeLoad?: (page: Page, context?: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof launchBrowser>>['context']) => Promise<void> | void;
     } = {}
 ) => {
     logger.debug(`Launching Cloudflare Browser for: ${url}`);
 
-    const browser = await launchBrowser();
+    const { browser, context } = await launchBrowser();
     scheduleClose(browser);
-    const page = await browser.newPage();
+    const page = await context.newPage();
 
     if (instanceOptions.onBeforeLoad) {
-        await instanceOptions.onBeforeLoad(page, browser);
+        await instanceOptions.onBeforeLoad(page, context);
     }
 
     if (!instanceOptions.noGoto) {
@@ -244,12 +75,12 @@ export const getPlaywrightPage = async (
     }
 
     return {
-        browser,
+        context,
         destroy: async () => {
-            await browser.close();
+            await context.close();
         },
         page,
     };
 };
 
-export const getPuppeteerPage = getPlaywrightPage;
+export { type Page } from '@cloudflare/playwright';
diff --git a/lib/utils/puppeteer.ts b/lib/utils/puppeteer.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 117b4cd4de0f..000000000000
--- a/lib/utils/puppeteer.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-export type { Browser, Page } from './playwright';
-export { default, getPlaywrightPage, getPlaywrightPage as getPuppeteerPage, setBrowserBinding } from './playwright';
diff --git a/lib/utils/puppeteer.worker.ts b/lib/utils/puppeteer.worker.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ca40b70ae6f1..000000000000
--- a/lib/utils/puppeteer.worker.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-export type { Browser, Page } from './playwright.worker';
-export { default, getPlaywrightPage, getPlaywrightPage as getPuppeteerPage, setBrowserBinding } from './playwright.worker';
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 35963dfbaa64..8aa4477fa89f 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@
         "aes-js": "3.1.2",
         "cheerio": "1.2.0",
         "city-timezones": "1.3.4",
+        "cloakbrowser": "0.3.27",
         "cross-env": "10.1.0",
         "crypto-js": "4.2.0",
         "currency-symbol-map": "5.1.0",
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@
         "otplib": "13.4.0",
         "p-map": "7.0.4",
         "pac-proxy-agent": "9.0.1",
-        "playwright": "1.59.1",
+        "playwright-core": "1.59.1",
         "query-string": "9.3.1",
         "rate-limiter-flexible": "11.1.0",
         "re2js": "2.6.1",
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@
             "esbuild",
             "eslint-nibble",
             "msw",
-            "playwright",
+            "playwright-core",
             "protobufjs",
             "rolldown",
             "sharp",
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 1b4e2094b629..0ea147c2938a 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -94,6 +94,9 @@ importers:
       city-timezones:
         specifier: 1.3.4
         version: 1.3.4
+      cloakbrowser:
+        specifier: 0.3.27
+        version: 0.3.27(playwright-core@1.59.1)(socks-proxy-agent@10.0.0)
       cross-env:
         specifier: 10.1.0
         version: 10.1.0
@@ -205,7 +208,7 @@ importers:
       pac-proxy-agent:
         specifier: 9.0.1
         version: 9.0.1
-      playwright:
+      playwright-core:
         specifier: 1.59.1
         version: 1.59.1
       query-string:
@@ -3443,6 +3446,25 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-BSeNnyus75C4//NQ9gQt1/csTXyo/8Sb+afLAkzAptFuMsod9HFokGNudZpi/oQV73hnVK+sR+5PVRMd+Dr7YQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
 
+  cloakbrowser@0.3.27:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-EjTI+Ux8XaCDHKDOLFOt6Tsv2g6AhQPQjIL1GqAazcxk+BAg8FfFxtSHYdVcvldsXSW8RpPEz8N3AX54vEjzBg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=20.0.0'}
+    hasBin: true
+    peerDependencies:
+      mmdb-lib: '>=2.0.0'
+      playwright-core: '>=1.40.0'
+      puppeteer-core: '>=21.0.0'
+      socks-proxy-agent: '>=10.0.0'
+    peerDependenciesMeta:
+      mmdb-lib:
+        optional: true
+      playwright-core:
+        optional: true
+      puppeteer-core:
+        optional: true
+      socks-proxy-agent:
+        optional: true
+
   cluster-key-slot@1.1.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-RMr0FhtfXemyinomL4hrWcYJxmX6deFdCxpJzhDttxgO1+bcCnkk+9drydLVDmAMG7NE6aN/fl4F7ucU/90gAA==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
@@ -4113,11 +4135,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-eKpRKAovdpZtR1WopLHxlBWvAgPny3c4gX1G5Jhwmmw4XJj0ifSD5qB5TOo8hmA0wlRKDAOAhEE1yVPgs6Fgcg==}
     engines: {node: '>=14.14'}
 
-  fsevents@2.3.2:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-xiqMQR4xAeHTuB9uWm+fFRcIOgKBMiOBP+eXiyT7jsgVCq1bkVygt00oASowB7EdtpOHaaPgKt812P9ab+DDKA==}
-    engines: {node: ^8.16.0 || ^10.6.0 || >=11.0.0}
-    os: [darwin]
-
   fsevents@2.3.3:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-5xoDfX+fL7faATnagmWPpbFtwh/R77WmMMqqHGS65C3vvB0YHrgF+B1YmZ3441tMj5n63k0212XNoJwzlhffQw==}
     engines: {node: ^8.16.0 || ^10.6.0 || >=11.0.0}
@@ -5290,11 +5307,6 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     hasBin: true
 
-  playwright@1.59.1:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-C8oWjPR3F81yljW9o5OxcWzfh6avkVwDD2VYdwIGqTkl+OGFISgypqzfu7dOe4QNLL2aqcWBmI3PMtLIK233lw==}
-    engines: {node: '>=18'}
-    hasBin: true
-
   pluralize@8.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Nc3IT5yHzflTfbjgqWcCPpo7DaKy4FnpB0l/zCAW0Tc7jxAiuqSxHasntB3D7887LSrA93kDJ9IXovxJYxyLCA==}
     engines: {node: '>=4'}
@@ -8961,6 +8973,13 @@ snapshots:
       strip-ansi: 6.0.1
       wrap-ansi: 7.0.0
 
+  cloakbrowser@0.3.27(playwright-core@1.59.1)(socks-proxy-agent@10.0.0):
+    dependencies:
+      tar: 7.5.13
+    optionalDependencies:
+      playwright-core: 1.59.1
+      socks-proxy-agent: 10.0.0
+
   cluster-key-slot@1.1.2: {}
 
   color-convert@2.0.1:
@@ -9716,9 +9735,6 @@ snapshots:
       jsonfile: 6.2.1
       universalify: 2.0.1
 
-  fsevents@2.3.2:
-    optional: true
-
   fsevents@2.3.3:
     optional: true
 
@@ -11206,12 +11222,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   playwright-core@1.59.1: {}
 
-  playwright@1.59.1:
-    dependencies:
-      playwright-core: 1.59.1
-    optionalDependencies:
-      fsevents: 2.3.2
-
   pluralize@8.0.0: {}
 
   postcss@8.5.10: